Authoritative parenting style
A parenting style characterized by high (but reasonable) expectations for children’s behavior, good communication, warmth and nurturance, and the use of reasoning (rather than coercion) as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior.
Conscience
The cognitive, emotional, and social influences that cause young children to create and act consistently with internal standards of conduct
Effortful control
A temperament quality that enables children to be more successful in motivated self-regulation
Family Stress Model
A description of the negative effects of family financial difficulty on child adjustment through the effects of economic stress on parents’ depressed mood, increased marital problems, and poor parenting
Gender schemas
Organized beliefs and expectations about maleness and femaleness that guide children’s thinking about gender
Goodness of fit
- The match or synchrony between a child’s temperament and characteristics of parental care that contributes to positive or negative personality development.
- A good “fit” means that parents have accommodated to the child’s temperamental attributes, and this contributes to positive personality growth and better adjustment.
Security of attachment
An infant’s confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached
Social referencing
when one individual consults another’s emotional expressions to determine how to evaluate and respond to circumstances that are ambiguous or uncertain
Temperament
Early emerging differences in reactivity and self-regulation, which constitutes a foundation for personality development.
Theory of mind
Children’s growing understanding of the mental states that affect people’s behavior
Cultural display rules
rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modification of emotional expressions according to social circumstances
Interpersonal
- the relationship or interaction between two or more individuals in a group
- refers to the effects of one’s emotions on others, or to the relationship between oneself and others
Intrapersonal
- refers to what occurs within oneself
- the effects of emotion to individuals that occur physically inside their bodies and psychologically inside their minds
Social and cultural
- the effects that emotions have on the functioning and maintenance of societies and cultures
Attachment behavioral system
A motivational system selected over the course of evolution to maintain proximity between a young child and his or her primary attachment figure.
Attachment behaviors
Behaviours and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (e.g., crying, clinging).
Attachment figure
- Someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual
- In childhood, an individual’s attachment figure is often a parent
- In adulthood, an individual’s attachment figure is often a romantic partner.
Attachment patterns
(also called “attachment styles” or “attachment orientations”)
- Individual differences in how securely (vs. insecurely) people think, feel, and behave in attachment relationships.
Strange situation
A laboratory task that involves briefly separating and reuniting infants and their primary caregivers as a way of studying individual differences in attachment behavior.
secure adult attachment
- comfortable with intimacy and interdependence
- optimistic and sociable
preoccupied adult attachment
- uneasy and vigilant towards any threat to the relationship
- needy and jealous
dismissing adult attachment
- self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy
- indifferent and independent
fearful adult attachment
- fearful of rejection and mistrustful of others
- suspicious and shy
secure child attachment
- child seeks parent as a safe base
- parents are there when needed
