Ling 1000 Test 3 > Week 17 > Flashcards

Week 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

Q: What is neurolinguistics?

A

A: The study of how language is represented and processed in the human brain.

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2
Q

Q: What questions does neurolinguistics ask?

A

A: Which brain areas handle language, what linguistic competence is, and where language is located.

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3
Q

Q: What are neurons?

A

A: Nerve cells that are the basic information-processing units of the nervous system.

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4
Q

Q: About how many neurons does the brain have?

A

A: Around 10 billion.

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5
Q

Q: What do lower brain structures control?

A

A: Breathing, heart rate, and muscle coordination.

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6
Q

Q: What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A: The highest level of the brain; the gray outer covering where language processing occurs.

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7
Q

Q: Why is the cerebrum wrinkled?

A

A: It is folded to fit inside the skull.

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8
Q

Q: What is the cerebrum?

A

A: The wrinkled mass on top of the brain.

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9
Q

Q: What are sulci?

A

A: Folds inward on the brain surface.

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10
Q

Q: What are gyri?

A

A: Folds outward on the brain surface.

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11
Q

Q: What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

A: A deep sulcus dividing the brain into left and right hemispheres.

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12
Q

Q: What connects the two hemispheres?

A

A: The corpus callosum.

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13
Q

Q: What does contralateral organization mean?

A

A: Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

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14
Q

Q: What is lateralization?

A

A: Different cognitive functions are controlled by different hemispheres.

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15
Q

Q: Where is language located in most right-handed people?

A

A: Mainly in the left hemisphere.

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16
Q

Q: Does the right hemisphere contribute to language?

A

A: Yes, especially jokes, metaphors, and emotional intonation.

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17
Q

Q: What language problems can right-brain damage cause?

A

A: Literal interpretation of metaphors and difficulty understanding emotional tone.

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18
Q

Q: How is language represented in left-handed individuals?

A

A: Across both hemispheres (less lateralized).

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19
Q

Q: Name the four lobes of the brain.

A

A: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.

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20
Q

Q: Which lobe is involved in speech production?

A

A: Frontal lobe.

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21
Q

Q: Which lobe handles auditory processing and comprehension?

A

A: Temporal lobe.

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22
Q

Q: Which lobe controls vision?

A

A: Occipital lobe.

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23
Q

Q: What is CT scanning?

A

A: X-ray images of brain slices.

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24
Q

Q: What is PET scanning?

A

A: Uses radioactive tracers to track blood flow.

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25
Q: What is fMRI?
Q: What is fMRI?
26
Q: What is MEG?
A: Measures real-time brain activity using magnetic fields.
27
Q: Where does blood flow when speaking?
A: Left hemisphere, especially Broca’s area.
28
Q: Where does blood flow when listening to language?
A: Left hemisphere, especially Wernicke’s area.
29
Q: What areas activate during reading?
A: Occipital lobe, angular gyrus, and left hemisphere.
30
Q: How does L2 processing differ from L1?
A: Uses wider cortical areas.
31
Q: What is dichotic listening?
A: Different stimuli presented to each ear to test brain lateralization.
32
Q: What is the right ear advantage?
A: Right-handed people process language better through the right ear.
33
Q: Which ear processes melodies better?
A: Left ear.
34
Q: What is severed in split-brain patients?
A: The corpus callosum.
35
Q: What happens to language in split-brain patients?
A: Right hemisphere understands some language but cannot speak.
36
Q: Why can objects in the left hand not be named?
A: Information goes to the right hemisphere, which cannot produce speech.
37
Q: What is aphasia?
A: Loss of language ability due to brain damage.
38
Q: What can cause aphasia?
A: Stroke, head injury, tumors, hemorrhage, disease.
39
Q: Where is Broca’s area located?
A: Rear lower portion of the frontal lobe.
40
Q: What type of aphasia results from damage to Broca’s area?
A: Broca’s aphasia (non-fluent/motor).
41
Q: Main speech characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?
A: Slow, effortful speech and articulation difficulty.
42
Q: What is telegraphic speech?
A: Omission of function words and inflectional endings.
43
Q: What are phonemic paraphasias?
A: Sound substitutions or mispronunciations.
44
Q: What is dysprosody?
A: Lack of normal intonation.
45
Q: Do Broca’s patients understand meaning?
A: Yes — semantics mostly intact.
46
Q: What grammatical problems do Broca’s patients have?
A: Difficulty judging grammatical sentences and understanding passives.
47
Q: Are Broca’s patients aware of their deficit?
A: Yes, and they are often frustrated.
48
Q: Where is Wernicke’s area located?
A: Rear temporal lobe and lower parietal lobe.
49
Q: What type of aphasia results from damage to Wernicke’s area?
A: Fluent (sensory) aphasia.
50
Q: How does Wernicke’s speech sound?
A: Fluent but meaningless (“word salad”).
51
Q: Are Wernicke’s patients aware of their deficit?
A: Usually no (anosognosia).
52
Q: What is semantic paraphasia?
A: Replacing words with similar-meaning words.
53
Q: What are neologisms?
A: Made-up words.
54
Q: What are circumlocutions?
A: Talking around a word when it can’t be retrieved.
55
Q: Main deficit in Wernicke’s aphasia?
A: Comprehension.
56
Q: What is acquired dyslexia (alexia)?
A: Loss of reading ability after brain damage.
57
Q: What is acquired dysgraphia (agraphia)?
A: Loss of writing ability after brain damage.
58
Q: How does Broca’s aphasia affect writing?
A: Writing mirrors speech: missing function words and affixes.
59
Q: How does Wernicke’s aphasia affect writing?
A: Fluent writing that is semantically incoherent.
60
Q: Does language use only one brain area?
A: No — it involves the entire cortex.
61
Q: Where may lexical knowledge be centered?
A: Temporal lobes.
62
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