Week 2

Question 1

___________ signaling carried throughout the blood stream. Requires receptors

Answer 1

endocrine

Question 2

________________ can be between cells or within one cell (autecrine)

Answer 2

paracrine

Question 3

______________ can diffuse freely

Answer 3

free radicals

Question 4

_______________ signaling occurs across a cleft. A receptor is located on one side of a cell

Answer 4

synaptic

Question 5

cell signaling molecules:

__________ no syntheses and can not be stored

Answer 5

gaseous molecules

Question 6

cell signaling molecules:

____________ synthesized and not stored

Answer 6

steroids

Question 7

cell signaling molecules:

________________ can be synthesized and not stored

Answer 7

steroids

Question 8

cell signaling molecules:

__________ synthesized and not stored

Answer 8

peptides

Question 9

what are the steps of peptide amine signaling (ion channel linked receptor)

Answer 9

1. ligand binds to receptor
2. ligand causes conformational change
3. ion can now flow

Question 10

what are the steps of peptide amine signaling (G protein linked receptor)

Answer 10

1. ligand binds receptor
2. G protein is activated
3. G protein activates other enzyme

Question 11

What are the steps of peptide amine signaling-> enzyme linked receptor

Answer 11

inactive enzyme, protein binds activating receptor

Question 12

Enzyme linked receptor and direst phosphorylation or dephosphorlyation:

Answer 12

• when enzymes are active, they encage a phosphatase reaction or dephosphorylation
• When the enzyme is inactive, they encourage a kinase reaction or phosphorylation

Question 13

__________ activation of phosphorylation or kinases by exchanging GTP for GDP

Answer 13

GTP and GDP exchange

Question 14

___________________ stress response

Answer 14

fight or flight

Question 15

What is released during a flight or flight response and how does this affect glucose release

Answer 15

• epinephrine induces rapid glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle. (adrenergic cascade)
• 1 molecule of epinephrine releases 10^8 glucose molecules

Question 16

The adrenergic cascade functions in

Answer 16

1. bio amplification

2. feedback regulation

Question 17

neurons contain receptors for

Answer 17

upstream neurons

Question 18

What are the three functions of neurons

Answer 18

1. integrating neurons
2. action potentials
3. transmitter secretion

Question 19

______________ free AP. All or nothing response

Answer 19

action potential

Question 20

________________ more neurotransmitter. Greater response

Answer 20

graded response

Question 21

what are the steps from stimulus

Answer 21

Stimulus -> graded response -> digital code

Question 22

what is the benefit if a digital code

Answer 22

prevents degradation.