Week 2

Question 1

TRH -> TSH

Answer 1

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (thyrotropic cells)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

Question 1

GHRH -> GH

Answer 1

Growth Hormone Releasing hormone

Growth hormone

Question 2

CRH -> ACTH

Answer 2

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone

Adrenocorticotropin Hormone

Question 3

PRH -> PRL

Answer 3

Prolactin Releasing Hormone

Prolactin

Question 4

GnRH & LH -> FSH

Answer 4

Ganadotropin Releasing Hormone

Lutenizing Hormone

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Question 5

GHIH

Answer 5

Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (aka somatostatin)

Question 6

PIH

Answer 6

Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (dopamine)

Question 7

Hormones stored and released by Posterior Pituitary?

Answer 7

Oxytocin

Antidiuretic Hormone(ADH)(vasopressin)

Question 8

Thyroid produces?

Answer 8

T4 (thyroxine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)

Combined is thyroid hormone. Regulate basal metabolic rate, facilitate catecholamines(epi and norepi), stimulate bone, nervous tissue development.
Stores for 100days

Also produces: calcitonin(ct): lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts

Question 9

Myelin sheath made of?

Answer 9

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes, lipid and proteins covering axons of peripheral and central neurons

Question 10

The pancreas connects to what?

Answer 10

Duodenum via deodenal papilla
Common bile duct goes there (connected to gallbladder and pancreas)

Pancreas both exocrine(pancreatic juices-digestion) and endocrine(islets of langerhan)

Question 11

Symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 11

Lethargy
Weight gain
Bradycardia
Stunted bone/cognitive
Depression
Hypothermia myxedema(nonpitting swelling)
Goitre(hashimoti thyroiditis)
Voice Hoarseness
Hearing Inpairment
Macroglossia
Diastolic hypertension
Myxedema coma(endocrine emergency)

Tx: levothyroxine

Question 12

Islets of langerhan include:

Answer 12

Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta: secrete insulin
Delta: somatostatin
F: pancreatic polypeptide

Negative feedback with glycogenolysis and glycogenesis

Question 13

Examples of positive feedback?

Answer 13

Labour
Blood clotting
Lactation

Question 14

Hyperthyroidism symptoms?

Answer 14

Graves disease(bug eyes)
Toxic multinodular goiter(tmng)
Toxic adenona(plummer disease)
Thyroid storm
Thyroiditis

Fatigue, weight loss, increased appetite, heat intolerance, increased bm

Question 15

3 types of conjunctivitis?
Symptoms?

Answer 15

Allergic: allergen exposure, itchy, red
Bacterial: purulent discharge, contagious, pink eye
Viral: systemic?, contagious, no pus, burning, watery discharge

Question 16

Outer layer of eye(fibrous layer)?

Answer 16

Sclera and cornea

Question 17

Choroid is?

Answer 17

Vasculature layer of eye between sclera and retina

Along with ciliary body and iris it comprises the vascular layer of the eye

Question 18

What is the blind spot?
And what is the area of highest cone density centre back of eye?

Answer 18

Optic disk(cranial nerve 2 and vessels)

Fovea centralis in macular

Question 19

Layer of eye with rods and cones?

Answer 19

Retina

Rods: lightness, movement, b/w, more rods than cones

Cones: colour, centered on fovea

Question 20

Visual pathway?

Answer 20

Optic nerve 2
Optic chiasm
Tract
Thalamus
Visual cortex in occipital lobe

Question 21

Part of eye that adjusts amount of light entering?

Part that focuses light for best vision?

Answer 21

Iris adjusts like a sphincter (pupil hole light enters)

Lens adjusts to focus (ciliary bodies are the muscles that pull on the lens)

Question 22

What are the fluids(humour) in the eye?

Answer 22

Between cornea and iris: aqueous humour
Anterior chamber: vitreous humour

Question 23

What is a stye (hordeolum)?

Answer 23

Painful red lump on eyelid, bacterial infection of clogged oil/follicle often can be avoided with good hygiene, limiting/cleaning makeup
Tx: warm compress, sometimes antibiotics

Similar to a Chalazion:nodule, less tender, less red

Question 24

What is Keratoconjuctivitis - sica?

Answer 24

Dry eyes, feels ‘salty’, dilated vessels, may have reflex tearing Check other mucus membranes to rule out systemic dehydration/other ddx Tx: eye drops

Question 25

What is hyphema?

Answer 25

Blood between cornea and iris, caused by trauma or pressure, blurred vision, nausea possible

Question 26

What is blepharitis?

Answer 26

Chronic infection of eyelids, worse in morning, crusting

Question 27

How are thyroid hormones synthesized?

Answer 27

Iodine to amino acid tyrosine

Question 28

Hypothalamus releases 2 inhibitory hormones?

Answer 28

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone(Somatosomin) Prolactin inhibiting Hormone(dopamine)

Question 29

What are the 3 polys of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 29

Polyuria Polydipsia(thirst) Polyphagia(hunger)

Question 30

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 30

Vasculature connecting hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

Question 31

What does the pineal gland do?

Answer 31

Located behind thalamus(third ventricle), it secretes Melatonin which helps with circadian rhythm

Question 32

The link between nervous system and endocrine system?

Answer 32

Hypothalamus

Question 33

Mononucleosis?

Answer 33

Caused by EpsteinBarr virus Primarily get as child and reoccurs. Splenomegaly red flag, also signs of pharyngitis or epiglotitis

Question 34

Laryngitis?

Answer 34

Hoarsevoice, decreased projection, edema, vascular engorgement Red flags: signs of pharyngitis or epiglottis

Question 35

What are red flags for URTI?

Answer 35

Sudden throat pain, absent cough, odyonophagia(painful swallowing), dysphagia(difficulty swallowing), drooling, resp distress(pharyngitis or epiglotitis) Productive cough, dyspnea, fever/chills(pnemonia)

Question 36

Sinustis?

Answer 36

1 or more paranasal sinuses, pressure. Often coexist with rhinitis. Bacterial cause symptoms: fever, purulent nasal discharge, unilateral upper tooth/maxilla tenderness and persistent Acute: <4 weeks Subacute: 4-12 weeks Recurrent acute: 4+ annual episodes Chronic: 12+ weeks

Question 37

Otitis externa?

Answer 37

External auditory canal. Acute often bacterial ‘swimmers ear’

Question 38

Otitis media?

Answer 38

Middle ear(behind tm) Acute usually viral or bacterial, blocked eustachian tube

Question 39

Hearing loss?

Answer 39

Deficit if >25dB Conductive, sensorineural, or both Red flags: tm damaged, rapid hearing loss over 3 days

Question 40

Anatomy larynx-superior to inferior?

Answer 40

Tip of epiglottis Hyoid bone Thyrohyoid membrane Corniculate cartilage (tip of arytenoid cartilage) Thyroid cartilage(adams apple) Cricothyroid ligament Cricoid cartilage Cricotraceal ligament Tracheal cartilage

Question 41

Path of hearing?

Answer 41

External Auricle/helix/pinna/lobule External auditory canal, Tempanic membrane(per diagram) Middle Ossicles(malleus, incus, stapes)(hammer,anvil,stirrup ), (eustachian tube part of middle ear) Inner -cochlea Vestibular window make pressure waves in perilymph, scala veatibula, scala tympani, cochlear window Endolymph pressure waves: vestibular membrane, cochlear duct, basilar membrane, hair cells Semicircular canal(balance) Utricle( acceleration/deceleration) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Question 42

What are choanae? Spaces between choncae?

Answer 42

Internal nares Meatuses (Superior, middle, inferior)

Question 43

3 parts of pharynx?

Answer 43

Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Question 44

Pharyngitis can also be?

Answer 44

Tonsillitis or strep

Question 45

What is a brat diet?

Answer 45

Bananas Rice Apple Toast

Question 46

Lymph nodes?

Answer 46

Preauricular Postauricular Occipital Submandibular Submental Parotid Tonsillar Superficial Cervical Deep Cervical Posterior Cervical Supraclavicular