week 2

Question 1

what are the 4 Qi or Temperature Characteristics (5 designations)

Answer 1

1. hot (re)
2. cold (han)
3. warm (wen)
4. cool (liang)
5. neutral (ping)

Question 2

Temperature sequence

Answer 2

Hot -> Warm -> Slightly Warm (wei wen) -> NEUTRAL -> Slightly Cold (wei han) -> Cool -> Cold

Question 3

acrid/pungent/spicy

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. which channel does it enter?
4. what is it’s function?

Answer 3

1. xin
2. disperse and move (out & upward); moving & circulation
3. enters LUNG
4. release exterior
   - can also be great qi regulator and help dampness or pain (stasis.stagnation)

Question 4

sweet

1. what is the pin yin?
2. which channel does it enter?
3. what is it’s function?
4. what should one be careful with sweet?

Answer 4

1. gan
2. enters SPLEEN
3. tonify, harmonize and are sometimes thought to moisten
   - relives tension (stomachache, spasm & pain)
4. can normalize fx of ST and SP, but caution with SP Qi def. and dampness
   - richness, stickiness, thickness - blocks qi - creates stagnation leading to dampness

Question 5

bitter

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. which channel does it enter?
4. what is it’s function?

Answer 5

1. ku
2. downward drain/purging (promote bowel; purge heat/fire; descend qi for vomiting, nausea, belching
3. enters HEART
4. dry dampness
   - descend, so has sedating effect

Question 6

sour

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. which channel does it enter?
4. what is it’s function?
5. combined with sweet taste, what does it produce?

Answer 6

1. suan
2. astringe / hold/ contract
   - stops movt and can move backwards
3. enters LIVER
4. prevent or reverse the abnormal leakage of fluids & energy (contains fluid & liquid)
   - can refresh and improve appetite as well, when used appropriately
5. stomach yin - preserve yin (with sweet can produce yin and body fluids)

Question 7

salty

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. which channel does it enter?
4. what is it’s function?
5. what are examples of salty substances?

Answer 7

1. xian
2. purge downwards for constipation
3. tends to enter KIDNEY
4. soften hardness
5. heaviest substances besides minerals
   - all seaweeds
   - many animal products

Question 8

bland

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. what is it’s function?

Answer 8

1. dan (no taste)
2. has downward direction, but milder than bitter or salty
3. leach out dampness and promote urination
   - diuretic influence (edema)

Question 9

aromatic

1. what is the pin yin?
2. direction?
3. what is it capable of doing?
4. it is stronger than?

Answer 9

1. xiang
2. moves in all direction
3. to penetrate through turbidity and revive a particular function (digestive system)
   - penetrates through turbidity (if closed or blocked)
   - eliminates damp (rheumatism)
4. stronger than acrid (which moves up and out)

Question 10

astringent

1. what is the pin yin?
2. it is capable of…?
3. which tastes does it include?
4. what herbs have astringent effect?
5. what are cautions when using this taste?

Answer 10

1. se
2. has the ability to prevent the leakage of fluids
   -retains & binds
   (like a coat on tongue and sucking feeling)
3. includes sour & sweet
4. charring herbs
5. caution: could hold in pathology and trap it in - esp. with exterior invasion

Question 11

which taste combination produce YANG

Answer 11

acrid/pungent + Sweet

Question 12

which taste combination can produce YIN

Answer 12

sour + Sweet

Question 13

Li Dong Yuan wrote in “Discussion of Spleen and Stomach (Pi wei lun) that each herb tends to either:

Answer 13

rise, fall, float, or sink

Question 14

floating and ascending herb properties (name 7)

Answer 14

• expel superficial evils
• ascend yang
• expel wind and cold
• induce vomiting
• open orifices (coma-closed orifice)
• promote eruptions (measles)
• warming yang

Question 15

sink and lowering herb properties (name 9)

Answer 15

• clear heat
• purging
• promoting urination
• calming mind
• descending yang
• stop vomiting
• stop cough and asthma
• astringent
• promote digestion

Question 16

what is the functions of herbs

Answer 16

primary actions of herb

ex: clears heat

Question 17

what is indications?

Answer 17

symptoms such as fever, flushed face, etc.

Question 18

what are the 8 therapeutic methods (ba fa)

Answer 18

1. promote sweating (han fa)
2. clear heat (qing fa)
3. purge (xia fa)
4. harmonize (he fa)
5. warm (wen fa)
6. tonify (bu fa)
7. reduce / sedate (xiao fa)
8. induce vomiting (tu fa)

Question 19

how do pathogens enter the body

Answer 19

via skin or 9 orifices

Question 20

pathogens are eliminated via…

Answer 20

skin
mouth
bowels
urine

Question 21

to treat an indication one must choose an herb based on its (4)…

Answer 21

function
channels entered
temperature
taste

Question 22

how do you come up with your formula (5)?

Answer 22

symptoms -> diagnosis -> treatment principle -> prescription

Question 23

what are the cautions and contraindications regarding temperature?

Answer 23

• don’t use cooling herb when there is pathogenic cold

- don’t clear heat when there is a cold condition

Question 24

what are the pathogenic factors of cautions and contraindications

Answer 24

• don’t use herbs that drain damp, when there is dryness
• don’t use astringing & binding when a patient needs purging
• caution with using tonifying herbs or astringing herbs when there is an exterior pathogen present

Question 25

what does dosage refer to?

Answer 25

the daily amount of each herb for an adult, and also relative amount of different herbs in formula - refers to decoction - refers to dry, prepared herbs

Question 26

what is the classical measurement?

Answer 26

qian

Question 27

what is the modern measurement?

Answer 27

grams

Question 28

what is the most common dosage range?

Answer 28

3 - 12 grams

Question 29

what herbs are typically higher dose? lower dose?

Answer 29

- hard, heavy, moderate and bland substances are prescribed in larger dosages - minerals and shells are usually prescribed at higher dosages - light, toxic, and strongly-flavored substances are used in smaller dosages - flowers, leaves and aromatic herbs - usually small dosages are used

Question 30

what other factors are involved in dosage?

Answer 30

- severity of problem | - constitution of patient and patient's stomach qi

Question 31

what are adulterants?

Answer 31

herbs that are commonly used interchangeably with the standard substance

Question 32

the upper jiao is governed by... and refers to

Answer 32

LUNG | heaven

Question 33

middle jiao is governed by... and refers to

Answer 33

SPLEEN | man

Question 34

lower jiao is governed by... and refers to

Answer 34

KIDNEY | earth

Question 35

according to the WEN BING THEORY the 4 levels of diseases are

Answer 35

- wei: exterior/defense level - qi: exterior heat disease - ying: nutritive or construction - deeper - xue: blood - deepest heat in the body

Question 36

what are the 6 evils

Answer 36

``` wind heat/fire cold damp dryness summerheat ```

Question 37

what are the 7 emotions

Answer 37

``` sadness/grief/sorrow pensiveness/brooding/over thinking joy anger anxiety fear rright/shock ```

Question 38

mutual accentuation

Answer 38

(xiang xu) | combination of 2 substances with SIMILAR functions to accentuate their therapeutic actions

Question 39

mutual enhancement

Answer 39

(xiang shi) combination of 2 or more substances with different actions in which one of the substances ENHANCES the effect of the other in a specific clinical situation

Question 40

mutual counteractions

Answer 40

(xiang wei) | combination in which the toxicity or side effects of one substance are reduced or eliminated by another substance

Question 41

mutual suppression

Answer 41

(xiang sha) | converse of mutual counteraction in that here one substance also reduces the undesirable side effects of another

Question 42

mutual antagonism

Answer 42

(xiang wu) | ability of 2 substances to minimize or neutralize each other's pos effects

Question 43

mutual incompatibility

Answer 43

(xiang fan) occurs when the combination of 2 substances gives rise to side effects or toxicity which would not be caused by either substance when used alone

Question 44

single effect

Answer 44

(dan xing) | used of one medicinal substance to treat a patient (i.e. Ren Shen)

Question 45

CHIEF (King, Sovereign or Lord)

Answer 45

the substance that provides the main therapeutic thrust of the prescription

Question 46

DEPUTIES (Ministers or Associates)

Answer 46

enhance or assist the therapeutic actions of the chief

Question 47

ASSISTANTS (Adjutants)

Answer 47

provide one or more of the following functions: - treat accompanying symptoms - moderate the harshness or toxicity of the primary substances - assist the chief and deputies in accomplishing their main objectivity - provide assistance from another therapeutic direction

Question 48

ENVOY (Messenger or Couriers)

Answer 48

either guide the other medicines to a specific channel or organ, or exert a harmonizing influence, as is often the case with Gan Cao

Question 49

Gong bu

Answer 49

simultaneous attack and reinforcement, often seen in patterns of excess with underlying deficiency (ex. Zi Su Ye with Ren Shen)

Question 50

hong | hong hua

Answer 50

red | red flower

Question 51

chi | chi shao

Answer 51

bright red | bright red peony

Question 52

zhu | zhu sha

Answer 52

dull red | dull red sand

Question 53

huang | da huang

Answer 53

yellow | big yellow

Question 54

jin | jin yin hua

Answer 54

gold | gold/silver flower

Question 55

bai | bai shao

Answer 55

white | white peony

Question 56

yin | yin guo ye

Answer 56

silver | silver fruit leaf

Question 57

qing | qing pi

Answer 57

blue-green | blue green peel

Question 58

lu | lu dou

Answer 58

green | green beans

Question 59

hei | hei zao

Answer 59

black | black dates

Question 60

wu

Answer 60

black

Question 61

zi | zi cao gen

Answer 61

purple | purple herb root