1
Q
A property of the cardiovascular system is its ____ system, which is a closed system with incompressible fluid
A
Hydraulic system
Ex: pump, flow, pressure, volume, viscosity
2
Q
A property of the cardiovascular system is its ____, which is an hierarchal system of arborescent vessels
A
Irrigation
Ex: arterial, venous, portal, microvessels
3
Q
In the heart, the ____ is a visceral layer of the pericardium. It is a low friction surface lined by a _____ in contact with the parietal pericardial space
A
- Epicardium
2. Mesothelium
4
Q
The ______ layer of the heart, is a functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers. Three major types of cardiac muscle:
- Atrial muscle
- Ventricular muscle
- Specialized _____ and conductive muscle fiber
A
- Myocardium
2. Excitatory
5
Q
Heart Conduction:
____ impulse is delayed before reaching ventricles
_____ fibers conduct the impulse to all parts of ventricle
What is the order of impulses conducted by the heart?
A
- Atrial
- Purkinje
SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle (left and right branches) -> purkinje fibers
6
Q
Vascular tunics have three layers. The innermost layer _______ (endothelium), the midlayer ______ (smooth muscle), and the outer layer ______ (connective tissue).
A
- Tunica intima = endothelium
- Tunic media = smooth muscle
- Túnica adventitia = connective tissue
7
Q
The tunica intima of Lg elastic arteries contain: Endothelial tube made of \_\_\_\_\_ Subendothelium made of \_\_\_\_\_\_ Elastic lamina (poorly defined in LG vessels) made of \_\_\_\_\_ Elastica lamina (clearly defined in SM vessels) made of\_\_\_
A
- Endothelial cells
- Collagen and smooth muscle
- Fenestrated elastic and collagenous fibers and smooth muscle cells
- Scalloped layer of densely-packed elastic fibers
Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries
8
Q
The tunica media of Lg elastic arteries contain:
- Concentric ______ lamellae of elastic fibers interspersed with collagen fibers and circumferentially-arranged ____ muscle cells.
- Primarily ______ muscle with decrease in vessel size
- A layer called _______, which is a distinct boundary between media and externa in smaller vessels
A
- Fenestrated
- Smooth
- Elastic externa
Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries
9
Q
The tunica adventitia of Lg elastic arteries contain:
- Fibrous elements and _____ that gradually merge with surrounding connective tissue.
- ________, which are small arteries that nourish the thick vessel wall by breaking up into capillary plexus deep in the adventitia
- ________, is where ______ nerve endings terminate on vascular ____ muscle cells
A
- Fibroblasts
- Vasa vasorum
- Nervi vascularis; autonomic; smooth
Large elastic arteries are also conducting arteries
10
Q
LG Vessels: ____ arteries are conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to the medium sized distributing arteries
A
Elastic
11
Q
Examples of Muscular or distributing arteries are?
A
Brachial, femoral, radial, etc
12
Q
In muscular or distributing arteries:
- In the tunica intima, the ____ surface of endothelial cells conform to irregularities in the scalloped contour of a well developed elastica interna
- The tunica media is exclusively ____ muscle cells with a small reticulum of ______ and reticular fibers
- The tunica adventitia are irregular ___ fibers that may be thicker than media
A
- Basal
- Smooth; collagenous
- Elastic
13
Q
________ is thickening of the tunica intima of blood vessels
A
Atherosclerosis
14
Q
In small arteries and arterioles:
- the tunica intima is only _______
- the tunica media has one or two layers of ____ muscle cells circumferentially disposed and ____ ___ in small arteries
- the tunica adventitia has loose ____ tissue with longitudinal collagenous and ____ fibers with a few fibroblasts. Tunica adventitia is absent in arterioles
A
- Endothelium
2. Smooth; elastica externa
15
Q
In the venous system, the walls are thinner, more flaccid, and less elastic than arteries. The large veins contain:
The intima is made of polygonal endothelial cells bounded by network of _____ fibers
The media is _______ and is sometimes absent
The adventitia is the thickest tunic, made of loose connective tissue, elastic fibers, _____ muscle, and collagen.
A
- Elastic
- Poorly developed
- Smooth
16
Q
The medium veins contain:
Intima - is made of polygonal ______ cells bounded by network of _____ fibers
Media - made from long, ____ muscle separated by ____ and ___ muscle cells
Adventitia is the thickest tunic, made from ____ fibers
A
- Endothelial; elastic
- Smooth; fibroblast; smooth
- Collagen
17
Q
The small veins contain:
Intima made from _____ cells
Media made from ___ muscle, may form continuous layer
Adventitia is the thickest tunic, made from ___
A
- Endothelial cells
- Smooth
- Collagen
18
Q
Venules arent substantially different than capillaries. They are made with a layer of ____ surrounded by a longitudinal layer of _____ muscle with occasional fibroblasts.
- ____ surrounding endothelium
A
- Endothelium
- Smooth
- Pericytes
19
Q
Most arteries contain a distinct internal ______ membrane. In an artery, the media is _____ than the adventitia
A
- Elastic
2. Thicker
20
Q
There are three capillary types
1. Continuous, typically found in ____
2. Fenestrated, found in ______
3 Discontinuous, found in _______
A
- Fat, muscle, nervous system
- Intestinal villi, endocrine glands, kidney, glomeruli
- Liver, bone marrow, spleen
21
Q
Epithelial tissues consist of sheets of one or more layers supported by ______ membranes. Bound by cell junctions. They are never penetrated by _____.
Cover or line body surfaces, cavities, and tubes
Properties/Roles: _____ diffusion, absorption/secretion, protection, containment
A
- Basement
- Blood vessels
- Selective
Epithelia are dependent on diffusion of O2 and nutrients from supportive tissues
22
Q
Epithelial tissue is _____; capillaries do not reside within tissues. Epithelium is supported on the _____ side by the basement membrane; the ____ _____ ( below this lies the capillary bed)
The capillary bed provides epithelia with nutrients and disposal of waste
A
- Avascular
- Basal
- Basal lamina
23
Q
Classifying epithelia is based on ___ characteristics
- Shape (usually reflected in shape of their ___)
- Layers
- Surface specialization
- _____
- _____
A
- Morphological
2. Cilia; Keratin
24
Q
Simple epithelium refers to type that is ______ thick. The cells, scale like in appearance, tend to have larger _____ nuclei. The cells are bound together by tight junctions, forming a _____ barrier, crucial for function
A
- Cell-layer
- Elliptically-shaped
- Selective
25
_______ _____ are the thinnest epithelial cells* and they are flat. They have a large surface area that is exposed to the lumen on one side (____ surface), and to the basement membrane (____ ____)
1. Simple Squamous
2. The apical surface
3. The basal lamina
26
Function of simple squamous epithelium:
They are mediators of ____ and ____. Some molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across the simple squamous epithelia according to ________. Other molecules: such as ions utilize ______ ____ channels to diffuse across the cells
1. Filtration and diffusion
2. Concentration gradients
3. Transmembrane protein channels
27
Where can simple squamous cells can be found ?
Air sacs of lungs
Lining of blood vessels and heart chambers
Serous membranes
28
Simple squamous epithelia are ____ cell layers thick. They are flattened cells. The nuclei location is at the ____ of the cell
1. Single
| 2. Central
29
_____ _____ epithelium are cells that are equally wide as they are tall, creating a square profile with spherical nucleus at its _______. They are _____ cell layers thick.
1. Simple Cuboidal
2. Center
3. Single
30
The main functions of simple cuboidal epithelium are ____ and ______. It is selectively permeable.
Example: in Kidney tubules, the cells aid in the ______ and transport of filtered substances.
*Can also be found in thyroid gland
1. Absorption and secretion
| 2. Absorption
31
_____ _____ epithelium have cells that are longer than they are wide. Their nuclei are found _____ of the cell. The cells are connected by tight junctions
*can be found in the stomach
1. Simple columnar
| 2. At the base
32
Simple columnar cells receive nutrients through _____, which separates the cells from the capillary basal layer
The basement membrane
33
Roles of simple columnar cells:
- ___ : epithelium in stomach and digestive tract provides an impermeable barrier against any bacteria that could be ingested but is permeable to any necessary ions
- ___: nutrients as in from the small intestine
- ___: simple columnar epithelium is also specialized to provide sensory input. These cells are found in cornea, inner ear, and nose
1. Protection
2. Absorbing and transporting
3. Can be innervated
34
Simple columnar can specialize to secrete mucus from _____ cells that coats and protects the surrounding surface from damage.
Goblet
35
Simple columnar ciliated* epithelium can be found:
Roles:
Location: Small bronchi, uterine/Fallopian tubes, auditory tubes
Roles: secretion and movement
36
______ columnar _____ epithelium comprise of single layer of cells, but nuclei are at different levels, creating the illusion of ________. False impression that there is more than one layer
1. Psudostratified columnar ciliated
| 2. Cellular stratification
37
Not all ciliated cells extend to the ______ surface. Such cells are capable of cell division providing replacements for cells lost or damaged
Luminal
38
Psuedostratified epithelia function in ____ or ____. If a specimen looks stratified but has cilia, then it is a _________ epithelium, since *stratified epithelia do not have cilia******
1. Absorption or secretion
| 2. Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
39
______ epithelium consists of more than one (typically many) layer, or strata, of epithelium cells. Basal layer are small and ____-to-columnar. Cells gradually become larger and more _____ as the cells migrate from basal layer to the apical layer. Specialized to withstand the mechanical stress of ______. As the apical layers of cells give way, they are continuously replaced by deeper layers, derived from highly mitotic ____ cells of the basal layer.
1. Stratified Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Squamous
4. Abrasion
5. Cuboidal
40
There are two major types of stratified squamous epithelium:
_______ - epithelia cells lack large quantities of protein keratin. Serves as wet lining capable of withstanding relatively moderate abrasive stresses
_______ - as cells migrate from basal to apical layer, they accumulate large quantities of protein keratin. Serves as a dry covering capable of withstanding relatively severe abrasive stresses
1. Nonkeratinizing Stratified Squamous Epithelia
| 2. Keratinizing Stratified Squamous Epithelia
41
The vast majority of epithelial cells in epithelial lining are ______, they produce and fill with keratin. They also produce and secrete ____ making tissue waterproof
1. Keratinocytes
| 2. Glycolipid
42
Where can you find nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium?
*all of these sites share the characteristic that they are exposed to mild-moderate degrees of abrasion
Lining esophagus
Linking sides and floor of oral cavity
Lining vagina
43
_______ epithelium consists of cube-shaped cells, commonly 2 layers. Their role is to protect larger gland ducts.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
44
Stratified cuboidal epithelium can be found:
Sweat glands of skin
Mammary glands of breast
Salivary glands in the mouth
May be active (pump material in/out lumen
45
____ epithelium are flattened cuboidal cells. They have capacity to stretch and flatten so the renal calyx and bladder can expand
Transitional
46
Transitional epithelium has capacity to stretch and flatten so the ___ and ___ can expand
Renal calyx and bladder
47
Membrane specialization of epithelia include ______ surfaces in which cells are linked by cytoskeletal specializations.
1. Occluding tight junctions form a ______
2. Adhering ____ and ____
3. Communicating junctions ____
Intercellular surfaces
1. Zonula occludens
2. Zonula adherens and macula adherents
3. Gap or Nexus junctions
48
The lateral specializations of epithelia include:
Tight junctions or ______. They are composed of proteins known as _______.
Tight junctions bar movement of dissolved materials from lumen through the space between epithelial cells. There is no intercellular space where there is a tight junction**
1. Zonula occludens
| 2. Claudins and occludins
49
Where might you find tight junctions or zonula occludens?
No clue
50
The zonula adherens is composed of transmembrane proteins called ______, whose cytoplasmic tails bind to anchor proteins in an intracellular plaque
Cadherins
51
Desmosomes (_______ ) are located deep to adhering junctions. They are abundant in ______ epithelia exposed to stress. *strong spot attachment
1. Macula adherens
| 2. Stratified
52
Cadherins are also the transmembrane proteins of _______, BUT* the intracellular segment binds to ___ instead of actin
1. Desmosomes
| 2. Intermediate filaments
53
________ allow for the passage of small molecules and nutrients between adjacent cells. Composed of transmembrane ______ proteins that together form connexons. Multiple connexons from two adjacent cells align to form this.
1. Gap junctions
| 2. Connexin
54
Membrane specialization of epithelia
Luminal/apical surfaces/ : 3 main types:
1. Cilia
2. Microvilli
3. Stereocilia
55
______ is actively motile*. These Hairlike projections line the primary bronchus to remove ____ and debris from the interior of the lungs
1. Cilia
| 2. Microbes
56
_____ are small processes that project from the apical surface* of most types of epithelial cells. Greatly increases surface area
Microvilli
57
______ long, non-motile microvilli. Found on the surface epithelium in the epididymis and ______
1. Stereocilia
| 2. Ductus deferens
58
Membrane specialization of epithelia
Basal surfaces:
The basement membrane separates epithelium and connective tissue. Is made of collagenous and non-collagenous ______ and _____.
Serves as a selective barrier.
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
59
_______ are a variant of the intercellular desmosomes and anchor the cell to basement membrane
The _____ are known as integrins, which bind to extracellular laminins in the basement membrane
1. Hemidesmosomes
| 2. Transmembrane proteins
60
________’s internal structure reflect the nature of the secretory product and mode of secretion.
They are classified by cell morphology:
- ?
- ?
1. Exocrine glands
2. Simple
3. Compound
61
In simple duct structures the *duct itself doesn’t branch.
Simple duct structure:
1. Simple tubular (_____)
2. Simple branches tubular (____)
3. Simple alveolar
4. Simple branches alveolar (_____)
1. intestinal glands
2. Stomach gastric glands
3. No important examples in humans
4. Sebaceous oil glands
Exocrine glands*
62
Exocrine glands
In compound duct structures the duct branches
Compound duct structure:
1. Compound tubular (___)
2. Compound alveolar (____)
3. Compound tubuloalveolar (____)
1. Duodenal glands of small intestine
2. Mammary glands
3. Salivary glands
63
Exocrine glands secrete their product by a duct to an ______ environment, either inside the body or on a surface outside the body
Examples:
External
Ex: sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous
64
Exocrine glands are named based on how their products are excreted.
____ secretion is by exocytosis. Ex:?
____ secretion budding off portions of cell membrane
____ secretion = the entire cell disintegrates. Ex:
Merocrine example: pancreatic acinar cells
Apocrine
Halocrine example sebaceous glands of skin and nose
65
______ glands secrete their products directly into the bloodstream*
Endocrine
66
```
The epidermis consists of ____ ____ epithelium. Cells:
______ (90%)
Melanocytes
_____ (epidermal dendritic cells)
Merkel cells
```
1. Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans cells (epidermal dendritic cells)
4. Merkel cells
67
Keratinocytes make up about 90% of cells in _____ epithelium. As the layers become closer to the skin surface, the PH becomes _____
Stratified squamous epithelium
| Lower
68
_____ are spider shaped epithelial cells that make up the pigment melanin
Melanocytes
69
_____ is the inability to produce melanin unable to make ______.
1. Albinism
| 2. Tyrosinase
70
Dendritic langerhan cells function in ____ and ____ of foreign substances
Phagocytosis and ingestion
71
Tactile _________ function as sensory receptors for touch
Tactile Merkel cells
72
The Dermis is known for being strong and flexible. There are two main parts:
Papillary dermis
| Reticular dermis
73
```
The papillary region of the dermis contains:
_____ connective tissue
Dermal papillae
_____ of touch (____)
Capillaries
```
Areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae
Corpuscles of touch (meissner’s corpuscles)
Capillaries
74
The reticular region of the dermis consists of:
______ connective tissue
Accessory structures:
Dense irregular connective tissue
Accessory structures:
-hair follicles
- sebaceous glands and sudoríferous glands
75
The reticular region of the dermis accounts for ___% of the thickness of skin.
80%
76
Sweat glands and packinian corpuscles are located around the ______ border
Dermal/subQ
77
The hair is a flexible strand that are produced by a _____ and is pretty much dead, ______ cells
1. Hair follicle
| 2. Keratinized cells
78
What are the five parts of a hair?
```
Shaft
Root
Follicle (surrounds root)
Hair bulb
Piloarrector muscle (arrector pili muscle)
```
79
The germinal matrix of a hair follicle is the actively dividing are of the ________ that produces the hair
Hair bulb
80
The _____ is the subcutaneous layer just deep to the skin where the hair bulbs lie
Hypodermis
81
The hair follicle is contained in the _____ and surrounds the root. It is formed by two layers that are surrounded by a __________ membrane (____________) and CT (_________).
The follicle stems from _______.
1. Dermis
2. Glassy membrane: epithelial root sheath
3. Dermal connective tissue root sheath
4. The hair bulb and dermal papilla of hair
82
The growth cycle of a hair follicle includes a _____ stage and a ____ stage. The scalp hair grows for 2-6 years and rests for _____ months; ___% of hair is in _____ stage.
1. Growth stage
2. Resting stage
3. Rests for 3 months
4. 85% of hair is in growth stage
83
New hairs develop from cell division of the matrix in the _____. Hair replacement and growth occur in a ____ pattern
1. Hair bulb
| 2. Cyclic
84
________ is Male-pattern baldness and is cause by ____ and heredity.
*Rogaine is a vaso-________
1. Alopecia
2. Androgens
3. Vaso-dilatar
85
The cuticle of a nail is called ______.
| The white area of nail near cuticle is _______
1. Eponychium
| 2. Lunula
86
________ glands are usually connected to hair follicles
Sebaceous oil glands
87
Sebaceous oil glands are absent in ______. They are also ______ glands, meaning they burst to release contents. Sebaceous glands produce _____ for waterproofing, preventing water loss, softening/lubrication, it’s antibacterial properties and is stimulated by _______. Enlarged glands may produce blackheads, pimples, and boils
1. Palms and soles
2. Holocrine
3. Sebum
4. Hormones
88
When the trapped sebum and bacteria stay below the skin surface, a ______ is formed
Whitehead
89
A _____ occurs when the trapped sebum and bacteria partially open to the surface and turn black due to ______. They can last for a long time because the contents very slowly drain to the surface
1. Blackhead
| 2. Melanin
90
____ glands are everywhere and are very abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead. Contents are released everyday in skin (everyday sweat)
Eccrine or merocrine glands
This is a sudoriferous gland
91
____ sweat glands have ducts that open onto hair follicles. Their secretions contain sweat and fatty substances and proteins. These are released during ____,_____,______
1. Apocrine
2. Stress, Sex, Excitement
This is a sudoriferous gland
92
Muscle cells are _____. Their cells (fibers) shorten in response to stimulation. Action of cytoplasmic filaments called _________.
1. Contractile
| 2. Myofilaments
93
Through contractions, muscles cause:
1. ______
2. Maintenance of posture
3. _____ production
4. ______ flow
1. Movement (motion
2. Maintenance of posture
3. Heat production - shivering maintains high temp
4. Blood and lymph flow
94
Muscle tissue characteristics:
1. ___ - they all receive and respond to __ (nerve impulses)
2. ___- able to be stretched. When one contracts (flexes), another is stretched (extended). These opposing actions are known as ______
3. ___- they return to their original ____ and ____ after contraction or extension
1. Electrical excitability; action potentials
2. Extensible; antagonism
3. Elastic; length and shape
95
```
Muscle tissue characteristics:
Tend to ____ (degenerate) of nerve supply is lost, if blood supply is inadequate, or if not used.
Will ____ (increase in size) in response to increased use (with no change in size of _____)
```
1. Atrophy
2. Hypertrophy
3. Fast glycolytic fibers = work fast but fatigue quickly
96
____ is an increase in the number of fibers in muscle tissue
Hyperplasia
97
In skeletal muscle tissues, cells are long, cylindrical, ____, and multinucleated.
Locations: combined with connective tissues and nervous tissues in skeletal muscles such as ____ or ___ muscles
1. Striated
| 2. Leg or arm
98
In cardiac muscle tissue, cells are short, _____ , and striated usually with a single nucleus. Cells are interconnected by ________ discs.
1. Bifurcates
| 2. Intercalated
99
Smooth muscle tissues, cells are:
short, _____-shaped, _____, with a single, central nucleus.
Locations: encircles blood vessels, found in walls of _____, _____, urinary, and reproductive organs
1. Spindle- shaped
2. Nonstriated*
3. Digestive, respiratory
100
Myoblast cells fuse to form _______. Satellite cells can produce new________.
1. Myotubes, which differentiate into muscle fiber
| 2. Muscle fibers
101
____ muscle is most abundant and makes up about __% of total body weight. These muscle tissues are _______, and appearance is due to thick and thin myofilaments within ____.
1. Skeletal muscle
2. 40%
3. Striated
4. Sarcomeres
102
Striation of skeletal muscles are due to arrangement of thick and thin myofilaments within ______
Sarcomers
103
_____ are the functional unit of a muscle cell
Sarcomere
104
Skeletal muscles are composed of large, elongated, _______ fibers that show quick voluntary contractions
Multinucleated
105
Many muscle fibers are wrapped into a bundle, in which the connective tissue separates the individual muscle fibers. The connective tissue of this bundle is called the ?
This is then wrapped by a ____ layer and further wrapped by the outer layer called the ___.
1. Endomysium
2. Perimysium
3. Spimysium
106
_______ the connective tissue that separates numerous bundles of muscle fibers
Perimysium fascicles
107
_____ is the layer of dense connective tissue, continuous with the tendon, that surrounds each muscle
Epimysium
108
Microscopic view of muscle cell:
_____ - plasma membrane with T-tubules (___)
_____ - cytoplasm
_____ - cells have more than one nucleus (peripheral)
Numerous ____ to make ATP
_____ - like endoplasmic reticulum. Covers myofibrils.
_____ - Ttubule and two terminal ____
1. Sarcolemma; (transverse tubules)
2. Sarcoplasm
3. Multinucleated
4. Mitochondria
5. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
6. Triad; cisternae
109
A triad in muscle cell (fiber) is a T tubule (transverse tubule) + two terminal cisternae.
Terminal cisternae release _____ which triggers muscle contraction.
Calcium
110
_____ are the contractile units of the muscle cell (fiber). A muscle fiber has many ______, which has many sarcomeres.
Cytoplasm of each myofiber contains the contractile apparatus, which is composed of ____ arranged in ____.
1. Sarcomeres
2. Myofibrils
3. Myofibrils
4. Sarcomeres
111
Sarcomeres contain a number of proteins:
______ - the major constituent of the Z band
_____ forms the thin filaments
_____ forms thick filaments
1. Alpha actinin
2. Actin
3. Myosin
112
Fascicles are surrounded by thin, delicate _____. The myofibers are of relatively uniform size/shape and fit together in mosaic pattern and are separated by thin _____. When fibrosis is present the muscle fibers will appear separated. Normally the nuclei are located at the ___ of the cell.
1. Perimysium
2. Endomysium
3. Periphery
113
The _____ consists of the remainder of the sarcoplasm, located between the myofibrils. It contains mitochondria, lipid, glycogen, T-tubules, and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Intermyofibrillar network
114
The electrical signals conducted by ____ stimulate the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release _____
1. T tubules
| 2. Calcium
115
T tubules are responsible for conduction of electrical signals from ____ to the internal areas of myofibers
1. The cell surface
116
The sarcoplasmic reticulum provides the ______ and release of calcium required for contraction to occur
Intracellular storage
117
Muscle contraction:
____ - neurotransmitter from motor axon that binds to receptor causing muscle ___ that spreads through sarcolemma into ____ and releases calcium into ___
1. Acetylcholine
2. Impulse
3. T tubules
4. Sarcoplasm
118
During muscle contraction, thin ___ are moved *inward, pulling the ___ together. The H-zone may disappear and thin ____ may overlap
1. Myofilaments
2. Z-discs
3. Myofilaments
119
____ are myosin heads bound to actin
Cross-bridges
120
Muscle contraction steps:
1. A nerve impulse triggers release of ___ from synaptic knob, which then binds to receptors in motor end plate or neuromusc. jxn. This initiates impulse in the ___
2. Muscle impulse moves to ___ and calcium is released from ___ into sarcoplasm
3. Calcium binds to ___ causing it to change shape, moving ___ on the actin to expose active sites on actin molecules of thin filaments. Myosin heads of thick filaments attach to exposed active sites to form ____
1. Acetylcholine; sarcolemma of muscle fiber
2. T tubules; terminal cisternae
3. Troponin; tropomyosin; cross bridges
121
Muscle contraction steps:
4. Myosin heads pivot, moving thin filaments toward the ______ center. ATP binds myosin heads and is broken down into ADP and P. Myosin heads detach from ___ filaments and return to prepivot position. The repeating cycle of attach-pivot-detach-return slides thick and thin filaments past each other. The ___ shortens and the muscle contracts. The cycle continues as long as calcium remains bound to ___ to keep active sites exposed.
- Sarcomere center
- thin filaments
- Sarcomeres
- Troponin
122
Muscle contraction steps:
5. When the impulse stops, calcium ions are actively transported into ______. Tropomyosin recovers active sites. ____ passively slide back to their relaxed state.
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum
| - Filaments
123
Contraction and muscular dystrophies:
All ___ contract at the same time to shorten myofibrils, muscle cells, fasciculi, and the entire muscle.
_____ is a cytoskeletal protein that links thin (actin) filaments of sarcomere to proteins of sarcolemma***
In ____ (group of myopathies that weaken musculoskeletal system) ____ is mutated and the sarcolemma tears easily, causing muscle fibers to slowly ___ and ___
1. Sarcomeres
2. Dystrophin
3. Muscular dystrophies
4. Dystrophin
5. Slowly rupture and die
124
In ____ muscular dystrophy there is variation in skeletal muscle fiber size and increased amounts of connective tissue
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
125
motor axon terminals to pass through the endomysium to form synapses with individual muscle fibers. These synapses are called ____. A single, spinal motor neuron can form many of these synapses with one or many muscle fibers. A ____ is a single axon and ALL of the muscle fibers it innervates***
1. The neuromuscular junction or motor end plate*
2. Motor unit
-Large muscles can be controlled by hundreds of motor units!
126
Motor unit = ___ neuron + ____
Motor neuron + innervated muscle fibers (cells)
127
_____ motor nerves innervate multiple muscle fibers
Efferent
128
In Neuromuscular junctions:
Motor axons use _____ to cause muscle contraction
Muscle cells have ____ in clefts one postsynaptic membrane
Transmission of the neurotransmitter is terminated by _____ on postsynaptic membrane
1. Acetylcholine
2. Ach receptors
3. Acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that cleaves Ach into acetate and choline
129
_______ is a condition in which auto-antibodies attack the patient’s own receptors, interfering with neuromuscular transmission.
Myasthenia Gravis
130
____ muscle is nonstriated. These fibers are spindle, fusiform, shaped cells with single, long oval, pale-staining central nuclei.
Smooth
131
The cytoplasm of smooth muscle is _____ and lacks striations because the myofilaments are not organized into ______.
1. Homogenous
| 2. Myofibrils
132
Actin-myosin filaments:
Actin filaments are attached to _____ (which are like Z discs) within the cytoplasm or associated with the cell membrane.
Intermediate filaments of _____ and _____ anchor the dense bodies and align the thick and the thin filaments
1. Dense bodies
2. Vimentin
3. Desmin
133
A rudimentary sarcoplasmic reticulum is present in smooth muscle but ____ are not present. Bundles of thick and thin myofilaments crisscross _____ through the cell, forming lattice-like network.
1. T tubules
| 2. Obliquely
134
Smooth muscle actin and myosin ____ by a sliding filament mechanism similar to that in striated muscles. The thin filaments of smooth muscle cells lack _____ complexes and instead utilize _____, a calcium-binding protein that is involved in contraction of non-muscle cells
1. Contract
2. Troponin
3. Calmodulin
135
_____ are not present in smooth muscle. Instead ____ are present.
1. T tubules = Not present
| 2. Calveoli = present
136
In smooth muscle, calcium initiates contractions by binding to ____ (because no Troponin is present), which regulates _____ (transfers P+ from ATP to light myosin heads), cross bridging occurs (enzymes are slower than in skeletal = slower formation)
1. Calmodulin
| 2. Myosin kinase
137
Smooth muscle is bundled together and _____. Each cell is surrounded by _____ membrane (very little connective tissue). Fibers are connected by ________. Contractions are slower, less forceful but _______.
1. Tightly packed
2. Basement membrane
3. Gap junctions
4. Prolonged
138
In a cross section of smooth muscle (ex: in wall of intestine), cells of inner circular (IC) layer are cut ______ and cells of outer longitudinal layer (OL) are cut ______.
1. Lengthwise*
| 2. Transversely
139
Contracted smooth muscle causes nuclei _______ because it decreases length of cell, deforming the nucleus. The long nuclei of individual fibers assume a _____ shape
1. Distortion
| 2. Cork screw
140
_____ muscle cells are _____ (branched) and striated. They have one or two nuclei _____ located. The sarcolemma is thin, poorly defined and connected by _____ discs. The _____ are less distinct than skeletal muscles and may be branched. They lack _____ cells which means damaged tissue CANNOT regenerate***
1. Cardiac
2. Bifurcated
3. Centrally
4. Intercalated
5. Myofibrils
6. Satellite
141
The sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells are connected by ______ discs with:
- ______ aiding in impulse conduction
- _____ helping with cell cohesion
- _____ that are well anchored to sarcolemmal membranes
1. Intercalated discs
2. Gap junctions
3. Desmosomes
4. Myofibrils
142
_______ (in cardiac muscle) is the term for complexes of intercellular junctions including:
_____, which anchor the cells together. The intermediate filaments are called ________
1. Intercalated discs
2. Desmosomes
3. Desmins
143
In cardiac muscle there is an abundance of ______ and sparse ________ in areas between myofibrils. T tubules are less organized and are associated with one expanded terminal cisternae* of SR, forming ______ rather than triads (like in skeletal muscle)
1. Mitochondria
2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
3. Dyads
144
Cartilage is part of the skeletal system. It lacks ____ and _____. It is composed of _____ (cells of lacunae) and produces ______ factor (no blood vessels). It’s matrix is gel-like and mostly _____, some hyalutonic acid.
1. Nerves
2. Vessels
3. Chondrocytes
4. Anti-angiogenesis
5. Chondroitin sulfates
145
The membrane around cartilage, that contains blood vessels, is called ______
Perichondrium
146
Cartilage in adults cannot ______, due to chondrocyte immobility, los metabolic and mitotic rates, and avascularity
Regenerate or be repair fully
147
In hyaline cartilage, type ___ collagen is the principle collagen type*
Elastic cartilage has the above type with an abundance of _____.
Fibrocartilage contains a dense network of coarse type __ fibers
1. Hyaline’s matrix = type 2 collagen (ribs/joints)
2. Elastic matrix = type 2 + elastic fibers (ears)
3. Fibrocartilage = type 1 collagen fibers (spine)
148
Hyaline cartilage is found in walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi), in the ___ ends of ribs, where they articulate with the sternum, and in the ______, where it is responsible for the _____ growth of bone.
Has a perichondrium
1. Ventral
2. Epipheseal plate
3. Longitudinal
149
_______ -> the replacement of smooth muscle with uneven bone spurs (bony outgrowth)
Osteoarthritis
150
Elastic cartilage contains an _____ network of _____ fibers in addition to type 2 fibrils.
Possesses a perichondrium
Found in ear, epiglottis, and in larynx
Abundant network of fine elastic fibers
151
_____ is a tissue intermediate between dense connective tissue and hyaline cartilage (strongest), but it has no _______. Found in meniscus of knee, pubic symphysis, and intervertebral discs.
1. Fibrocartilage
| 2. Perichondrium
152
Fibrocartilage contains ______, usually arranged axially in long rows, separated by coarse cartilage type __ fibers and less proteoglycans than other forms of cartilage. Matrix is ______ and will stain RED with eosin stain.
1. Chondrocytes
2. Cartilage type 1
3. Acidophilic
153
The ground substance of bones is made of _____ and _____. Bone matrix also contains collagen type ___.
The 2 minerals are:
1. Polysaccharides
2. Glycoproteins
3. Collagen type 1
Minerals = calcium phosphate + hydroxyapatite
154
Three bones cells are:
____ found in lacunae between layers (lamellae) of matrix
____ synthesize ground substance and collagen type 1
____ multinucleated giant cells (macrophages) involves in reabsorption and remodeling of bone tissue
1. Osteocytes
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoclasts
155
Osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis of ground substance (___ and ____) and collagen type 1 in bones. They are polarized cells: matrix components are secreted at the cell surface in contact with older bone matrix, producing a layer of new but not yet calcified material called _____ between osteoblasts layer and bone formed earlier. This process of bone appositional growth is completed by subsequent deposition of ______ into the newly formed matrix.
1. Polysaccharides and glycoproteins
2. Osteoid
3. Calcium salts
156
Observing a bone with large multinucleated cells eating away at the bone. What macrophage is this?
Osteoclast
Clash down/ breakdown
Blast = build
Quiz Q*
157
Toll like receptors exert what function in innate immune response
Activates anti-viral response via type 1 infection
Quiz Q**
158
Duodenal glands function to produce mucus rich alkaline secretions. These glands are considered..?
Compound tubular
Quiz Q**
159
______ are abundant in skin, adjacent cells are usually joined together by tight junctions Incomplete to allow for fluid to pass
Continuous capillary
Quiz Q**
160
Major sensory appendage of skin?
Nails
Quiz Q*
Microanatomy
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