week 2 - appendicular skeleton

Question 1

what is a chrondocyte ?

Answer 1

cells secreting cartilage matrix and becomes embedded in cartilage

Question 2

what is cartilage ?

Answer 2

• chrondocyte cell only present
• avascular -> nutrition depends on diffusion via matrix
• slow nutrient transfer
• surrounded by pericardium membrane

Question 3

what is bone tissue ?

Answer 3

• osteocytes cells embedded in calcified matrix
• inorganic component of matrix
• types -> compact & spongy

Question 4

type of bones cells

Answer 4

osterogetric -> osteoblast -> osteocyte
OR
osteoclast

Question 5

what are osteons in compact bone ?

Answer 5

cylindrical structures containing concentric lamellae

Question 6

what is trabeculae ?

Answer 6

thin columns making up spongy structure of cancellous bone

Question 7

2 membranes covering bone

Answer 7

• periosteum -> outer surface

- endosteum -> inside surface

Question 8

types of long bone growth

Answer 8

• interstital -> length

- appositional -> diameter

Question 9

source of …

• calcitrol
• growth hormone
• sex hormone
• parathyroid hormone
• calcitonin

Answer 9

• kidneys
• pituitary gland
• thyroid gland
• ovaries/testes
• parathyroid gland
• thyroid gland

Question 10

what are the upper limb bones ?

Answer 10

• shoulder (clavicle, scapula)
• arm (humorous)
• forearm (ulna, radius)
• hand (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)

Question 11

what is the pectoral girdle ?

Answer 11

shoulder

Question 12

which of the 3 - humorous, ulna, radius - have head at the distal end ?

Answer 12

ulna

Question 13

does the humorous have epicondyles or condyles ?

Answer 13

epicondyles

Question 14

what are the 3 fossa of the scapula ?

Answer 14

• anterior -> subscapular fossa

- posterior -> supraspinous fossa & infraspinous fossa

Question 15

which of the 2 are medial - ulna or radius ?

Answer 15

ulna

Question 16

what are the lower limb bones ?

Answer 16

• gluteal region (hip / OS coxa)
• thigh (femur)
• leg (tibia, fibula, patella)
• foot (talus, calcanus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

Question 17

where does the femur articulate with the hip ?

Answer 17

acetabulum - fusion of ilium, ischium, pubis

Question 18

what are the 3 parts of the hip ?

Answer 18

ilium (top), ischium, pubis

Question 19

where is the greater sciatic notch ?

Answer 19

below the lateral end of the iliac crest

Question 20

which of the 2 have condyles proximal - tibia or fibula ?

Answer 20

tibia

Question 21

what are at the distal end of tibia and fibula ?

Answer 21

• tibia -> medial malleous

- fibula -> lateral malleous

Question 22

joint types classified by function

Answer 22

• sympathroses -> immovable
• amphiathroses -> slightly movable
• diathroses -> freely movable

Question 23

joint types classified by structure

Answer 23

• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial

Question 24

6 types of synovial joint

Answer 24

• plane -> carpals & metacarpals
• hinge -> humrous & ulna
• pivot -> radius & ulna
• condyle -> metacarpals & phalanges
• saddle -> carpals & metacarpals
• ball & socket -> humorous & scapula

Question 25

components of synovial joint

Answer 25

- synovial fluid inside joint cavity - ligaments - x2 articular capsule layers (fibrous & synovial) - articular cartilage - freely mobile

Question 26

why is the glenouhumeral joint unstable ? what stabilising elements are present

Answer 26

humorous head is larger than the shallow fossa - stabilised via ligaments, biceps brachii tendon, glenoid labrium to deepen socket, rotator cuff muscles

Question 27

what is a bursa ?

Answer 27

sac-filled fluid reducing friction

Question 28

what is a tendon sheath ?

Answer 28

elongated bursa encircling tendons subject to friction

Question 29

name the ligaments of knee joint

Answer 29

- ACL (bottom anterior) & PCL (bottom posterior) - lateral & medial collateral lig - lateral & medial meniscus

Question 30

how is the pectoral girdle attached to the axial skeleton ?

Answer 30

clavicle articulates with manubrium

Question 31

what part of the scapula articulates with the clavicle ?

Answer 31

acromion process

Question 32

what does the coracoid process do ?

Answer 32

articulates with the acromion process to stabilise shoulder joint

Question 33

which features of humerous articulate with the radius & ulna

Answer 33

radius - capitulum | ulna - trochlea

Question 34

difference in function (mobility vs stability) between shoulder and pelvic girdles ?

Answer 34

shoulder has shallower fossa -> less stabile & more mobility pelvic girls has deeper fossa -> more stable & less mobility

Question 35

what is the difference between pelvic girdle and bony pelvis ?

Answer 35

pelvic girdle is 1 bone & bony pelvis is 2 bones

Question 36

what movements occur at the knee ?

Answer 36

slides, hinge, rotation

Question 37

what is the function of the patella ?

Answer 37

protection, flexion

Question 38

what is the function of menisci ?

Answer 38

shock absorber

Question 39

what is the function of the cruciate ligaments ?

Answer 39

ensure tibia doesn't slide posteriorly and anteriorly

Question 40

what is the function of collateral ligaments ?

Answer 40

prevent medial and lateral displacement