What are the structural levels of organisation?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organs, systems, & organisms.
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
Integumentry, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, respiratory, & reproductive.
What are the 3 main components of a typical cell?
- Plasms membrane,
- Nucleus,
- Cytoplasm.
What is another name for the cytosol?
Intracellular fluid.
What are the 3 functions of the Cytoskeleton?
- Cell support & shape,
- Organisation of chemical reactions,
- Cell & organelle movment.
What are the non-membranous organelles of the cell?
Cytoskeleton, centrosome, cilia & flagella.
What are the 3 cytoskeletal filaments?
- Microfilaments,
- Intermediate filaments,
- Microtubules.
What is the Centrososme?
The name given to the part of the cell that surround the Centrioles. Normally found near the nucleus.
What are the key features of the Nucleus?
A large double membraneous organelle. The outer layer is continuous with the rough ER. Has large water-filled nuclear pores on the membrane. Contains a nucleolus which contains all genetic material. Starts the process of protein production, & it builds ribosomes.
What are the 3 types of ribosomes?
- Free,
- Membrane bound,
- Mitochondrial.
What are the features of rough ER?
Continuous with the nuclear envelope & covered in ribosomes. It synthesizes, processess & packages proteins for export.
What are the features of smooth ER?
Has no ribosomes attached. It synthesizes phospholipids, steroids & fats. It detoxifies harmful substances e.g. alcohol.
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
Processing & packaging of proteins produced by the RER into the final mature & functioning protein.
What are the 3 different types of proteins produced by the Golgi Apparatus?
- Storage or Lysosomes - Stay in the cell & act as digestive enzymes.
- Membrane bound - Vesicles that travel to the cell membrane & embed there.
- Secretory - Vesicles that move to the cell membrane for it’s contents to be deposited outside of the cell via exocytosis to then travel & be used by other cells.
What are Peroxisomes?
Membranous vesicles that contin enzymes that oxidize organic material. They are part of the normal metabolic breakdown of amino acids & fatty acids. They also oxidize toxic substances e.g. alcohol.
What are the 2 stages of cell division?
- Interphase,
- Mitosis,
- Cytokinesis.
Put these phases of interphase into the correct order-
- S,
- G2,
- G zero,
- G1.
- G zero - specialized cell functions only e.g. RBC.
- G1 - Cell growth, organelle duplication, protein synthesis.
- S - DNA replication & histone synthesis.
- G2 - finishing of protein synthesis & centriole replication.
Put these phases of mitosis in the correct order-
- Metaphase,
- Telophase,
- Prophase,
- Anaphase
- Prophase,
- Metaphase,
- Anaphase,
- Telophase.
What is Cytokinesis?
Division of the cytoplasm.
What is the correct terminology for programmed cell death?
Apoptosis.
