week 2 - lecture 2

Question 1

What happens during prenatal development?

Answer 1

1. quantitative change
2. qualitative change

Question 2

quantitative change

Answer 2

• preformationism
• spermists vs. ovists
• persistent idea until the 1800s

Question 3

qualitative change

Answer 3

• cells multiply and differentiate
• embryology

Question 4

What are the 4 major developmental processes of an embryo?

Answer 4

1. cell division
2. cell migration
3. cell differentiation
4. cell death

Question 5

cell division

Answer 5

zygote divides into various cells which will soon develop into the fetus

Question 6

cell migration

Answer 6

movement of newly formed cells to an area where they are needed

Question 7

cell differentiation

Answer 7

• leads to different cell types
• before differentiation, they are known as stem cells

Question 8

cell death

Answer 8

• apoptosis
• pre-programmed cell death is necessary for various things such as removing our webbed feet and hands

Question 9

What are the phases of prenatal development?

Answer 9

1. zygote
2. embryo
3. fetus

Question 10

zygote

Answer 10

• 1-2 weeks
• fertilization
• implantation
• placenta formation

Question 11

embryo

Answer 11

• 3-8 weeks
• layers of cells
• neural tube
• limbs and organs form

Question 12

fetus

Answer 12

• 9-38 weeks
• movement
• sensory abilities
• rapid growth
• brain development

Question 13

John Locke

Answer 13

we start out as a blank slate and we develop ourselves as we go through various experiences

Question 14

Are newborns a blank slate?

Answer 14

• if true, when is the mind blank
• when does learning begin?

Question 15

when might learning begin?

Answer 15

fetuses have experience with:
- sight
- motor/tactile
- hearing
- taste/smell

Question 16

newborn hearing experiment

Answer 16

For last 1 ½ months of pregnancy, mothers read a certain book 2x a day
Babies were given pacifiers which played a certain book ready by the mother when sucked a certain way. Found that they chose to play the book their mother read during pregnancy `

Question 17

newborn taste experiment

Answer 17

During the last month of pregnancy, mothers were randomly assigned to drink either carrot juice or water.
Less # of negative faces while eating carrot-flavored cereal to carrot juice drinkers
More negative faces to water drinkers

Question 18

what are some methods to soothe a newborn that provides similarity

Answer 18

• swaddling
• white noise
• rocking
• skin to skin contact

Question 19

Explain why studies of effects of alcohol on prenatal development are difficult to interpret.

Answer 19

It can be difficult to isolate the effects of alcohol from other lifestyle choices that could be potentially harming the baby. Someone who struggles with binge drinking may also have other addictions.

Question 20

teratogens

Answer 20

• environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development
• most common is alcohols

Question 21

sensitive period

Answer 21

damage most likely when exposure occurs when the structures are being formed

Question 22

thalidomide

Answer 22

drug given to pregnant women to relieve morning sickness but ended up causing a large amount of physical disabilities in newborns

Question 23

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 23

maternal alcoholism associated with facial characteristics, mental disability, attention problems, hyperactivity, etc.