Week 2- Motor Learning

Question 1

PART 1

Answer 1

PART 1

Question 2

Motor learning is “the process by which the capability for producing movement performance and the actual movement performance are _______ _______ through __________, ________, and/or _________”.

Answer 2

• reliably changed

- instruction, practice, and/or experience

Question 3

• What is motor recovery?

- It has lots of overlap with ______ _________.

Answer 3

• recovery of function- the reacquisition of movement skills lost through injury
• motor learning

Question 4

What is the difference between motor recovery and compensation?

Answer 4

• Recovery is regain of lost function.

- Compensation is teaching new ways to move.

Question 5

Motor Learning vs Motor Performance:

• Learning is relatively _______
• Performance is a ________ change in motor behavior seen during practice sessions.

Answer 5

• permanent

- temporary

Question 6

What are the (4) concepts of motor learning?

Answer 6

1. ) It is the process of acquiring the capability for skilled action.
2. ) Results from practice.
3. ) Cannot be measured directly but is inferred from behavior.
4. ) Produces relatively permanent changes in behavior.

Question 7

Motor Learning:

• It involves more than ______ processes, must also learn new strategies for ________.
• It is a complex interaction of __________/__________/_________.
• It involves the search for a ______ solution that emerges from an interaction of the individual with the task and the environment.
• Task solutions are new strategies for perceiving and acting.

Answer 7

• motor, sensory
• perception/cognition/action
• task

Question 8

________ of ___________ involves the search for new solutions in relationship to specific tasks and environments given the new constraints imposed on the individual by neural pathology.

Answer 8

Recovery of Function

Question 9

What are the changes we see within the nervous system infrastructure with motor learning and motor performance? (4)

Answer 9

• Level of neuronal activation
• Synaptic efficiency
• Cortical reorganization
• Changes in blood flow

Question 10

We infer that motor learning has occurred by observing performance _____ sometimes performance suffers during the process of motor learning _____ “incorrect” things may be learned.

Answer 10

• BUT

- AND

Question 11

• To qualify as motor learning, there must be evidence that _______, ________, and/or _________ has occured.
• And theses changes are not the result of __________ or related to fatigue, motivation or drugs.

Answer 11

• practice, instruction, and/or experience

- maturation

Question 12

What are the 2 forms of long-term memory?

Answer 12

• Explicit (declarative)

- Implicit (nondeclarative)

Question 13

• Explicit (declarative) memory is the ability to identify ______ and _______.
• What areas of the brain are associated with explicit memory?

Answer 13

• facts and events

- Medial Temporal lobe areas, Sensory Association Cortex, Hippocampus

Question 14

Implicit (nondeclarative) can be divided into __________ (skills and habits), ___________ (habituation and sensitization), and _________ (classical and operant conditioning) learning.

Answer 14

• Procedural
• Nonassociative
• Associative

Question 15

• Nonassociative learning can be described as _________ or ______________.
• Nonassociative learning is associated with what brain structures?

Answer 15

• Habituation
• Sensitization

-Reflex pathways

Question 16

What is habituation?

Answer 16

A decrease in responsiveness that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a nonpainful stimulus.

Question 17

What is sensitization?

Answer 17

Occurs when a reaction to a stimulus causes an increased reaction to a second stimulus.

Question 18

• Associative learning can be described as _________ or ___________ conditioning.
• Associative learning is associated with what brain structures?

Answer 18

• Classic conditioning (stimulus to stimulus)
• Operant conditioning (behavior to consequence)
• Amygdala (emotion)
• Cerebellum, Deep Cerebellar Nuclei, Premotor Cortex (Skeletal Musculature)

Question 19

• Procedural learning is learning tasks that can be performed ____________ without attention or conscious though and does not require cognitive processes.
• It develops slowly through __________ of an act over many trials.
• It involves a network of specific ________, ____-_______, ________, and ______________ structures.

Answer 19

• automatically
• repetition
• frontal, basal-ganglion, parietal, and cerebellar structures (striatum)

Question 20

Explicit (declarative) Learning:

• Results in knowledge that can be ___________ recalled and thus requires processes such as awareness, attention, and reflection.
• Involves the ability to remember factual knowledge.
• Constant repetition can transform declarative into __________ or _________ knowledge.
• What is an advantage of explicit (declarative) learning?

Answer 20

• consciously
• nondeclarative or procedural
• It can be practiced in ways other than the one in which it was learned.

Question 21

What are the neural pathways involved in explicit (declarative) learning?

Answer 21

frontal brain areas such as anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, head of the caudate, medial temporal lobes, hippocampus.
-the hippocampus codes a cognitive map of the spatial areas in which we move - internal representation

Question 22

To optimize teaching movement skills – the patient should be highly ________, attend fully to the task, and be able to relate or _______ the new information to information they already know about the task.

Answer 22

• motivated

- integrate

Question 23

PART 2: THEORIES OF MOTOR LEARNING

Answer 23

PART 2: THEORIES OF MOTOR LEARNING

Question 24

Theories of Motor Learning is a group of abstract ideas about the nature and control of the acquisition or modification of movement. What are the (3) we will be discussing?

Answer 24

• Adam’s Closed-Loop Theory
• Schmidt’s Schema Theory
• Ecological Theory

Question 25

Adams Closed-Loop Theory: - _______ ________ used for the ongoing production of skilled movement. - ________ _______ used in the _________ and __________ of the movement. - _________ ________ built up over a period of practice and becomes the internal reference of __________.

Answer 25

- sensory feedback - memory trace, selection and initiation - perceptual trace, correctness

Question 26

With Adams Closed-Loop Theory it is essential to have the patient do what? Why?

Answer 26

- Have the patient practice the same exact movement repeatedly to one accurate endpoint. - The more time spent practicing the movement as accurately as possible the better the learning will be.

Question 27

With Adams Closed-Loop Theory, errors produced during the learning ________ the strength of an incorrect perceptual trace.

Answer 27

increase

Question 28

What are the limitations of Adams Closed-Loop Theory? (3)

Answer 28

- The theory cannot explain the accurate performance of novel movements or open‑loop movements made in the absence of sensory feedback - It may be impossible for the brain to store a separate perceptual trace for every movement ever performed (or is this muscle memory??) - Variability in movement practice may actually improve motor performance of the task – depending on the type of task.

Question 29

Schmidt's Schema Theory: - Generalized motor program contains the rules for creating the spatial and temporal patterns of muscle activity needed to carry out a given movement. - ______ schema is used to select a specific response. - _________ schema is used to evaluate the response. - Think of a toddler learning the rules for what a dog is.

Answer 29

- Recall | - Recognition

Question 30

With Schmidt's Schema Theory, optimal learning will occur if a task is practiced under _________ circumstances.

Answer 30

different

Question 31

What are the limitations of Schmidt's Schema Theory? (3)

Answer 31

- Differences between children and adults with variable forms of practice. - Lack of specificity of interaction with other systems during motor learning. - Inability to account for the immediate acquisition of new types of coordination.

Question 32

Ecological Theory: - Motor learning is a process that increases the coordination between perception and action consistent with the _____ and ___________ constraints. - The theory emphasizes dynamic exploratory activity of the perceptual/motor workspace to create optimal strategies for performing a task.

Answer 32

task and environmental

Question 33

With Ecological Theory, the patient learns to distinguish the relevant _________ cues important to organizing action.

Answer 33

perceptual

Question 34

What are the limitations of Ecological Theory? (2)

Answer 34

- Still a very new theory. | - Has not been applied to specific examples of motor skill acquisition in any systemic way.

Question 35

"How" motor learning occurs may depend on the ________ _____, the stage of ________, and the _________ in which the movement occurs.

Answer 35

- specific skill - learning - environment

Question 36

What are Fitts' 3 stages of motor learning?

Answer 36

- Cognitive Stage - Intermediate or Associative Stage - Autonomous Stage

Question 37

Describe the cognitive stage of motor learning.

Answer 37

The learner attempts to understand how to perform a skill.

Question 38

Describe the intermediate or associative stage of motor learning.

Answer 38

The learner begins to modify and/or adapt the movement pattern as needed.

Question 39

Describe the autonomous stage of motor learning.

Answer 39

Movement execution becomes more automatic and attention can be directed elsewhere.

Question 40

In the intermediate or associative stage of motor learning, what is counterproductive when they enter this stage?

Answer 40

-facilitation techniques and/or manual guidance

Question 41

What can you start to introduce in the autonomous stage of motor learning?

Answer 41

distractions during therapy such as conversations (dual-task)

Question 42

What are Neo-Bernsteinian Perspective 3 stages of motor learning? Describe them.

Answer 42

Novice: learner simplifies the movement problem by “freezing out” some of the available degrees of freedom. Advanced: learner begins to reinstate and/or release additional degrees of freedom. Expert: additional degrees of freedom released, additional passive forces exploited.

Question 43

How can we asses motor learning?

Answer 43

Performance Curves

Question 44

___________ (____________) learning is a level expressed as the number of practice trials completed after the criterion of mastery has been achieved – or may be expressed in percentage terms.

Answer 44

Overlearning (postmastery)

Question 45

- _____ _____ paradigm is used to determine the degree of automaticity of performance. - What is acceptable degree?

Answer 45

- dual task | - When neither task causes a decrement in the other.

Question 46

Retention vs Transfer?

Answer 46

Retention- Conditions the same as in the acquisition. | Transfer- Conditions differ from those in the acquisition phase.