(week 2) Psychobiology- structure & function of NS

Question 1

what does does the central NS consist of

Answer 1

brain and spinal chord

Question 2

what does the peripheral NS consist of

Answer 2

somatic NS- voluntary (motor and sensory neurons)
autonomic NS- (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Question 3

what is vagus nerve stimulation

Answer 3

electrical impulses used to stimulate vagus nerve- controlling heart rate, digestion, immune response. used to treat drug-resistant epilepsy, depression, inflamation

Question 4

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 4

uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain cells treating depression and OCD

Question 5

the brain has high metabolic requirement, true of false

Answer 5

true

Question 6

what is the brain stem

Answer 6

the top of the spine
unconscious activity

Question 7

what is the limbic system

Answer 7

top of brain stem
regulates hunger, sleep, etc.

Question 8

what is the cerebellum

Answer 8

controls voluntary muscle movements, coordination, and balance

Question 9

what is the cerebral cortex

Answer 9

two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
wrinkled, outermost layer of brain

Question 10

what is the corpus callosum

Answer 10

neuron bundle connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, allowing communication between

Question 11

what is a split brain patient

Answer 11

when the two hemispheres are disconnected

Question 12

what is inwards of the brain reffered to as

Answer 12

medial

Question 13

what is outwards of the brain reffered to as

Answer 13

lateral

Question 14

what does the term dorsal superior refer to

Answer 14

top of the brain

Question 15

what does the term ventral inferior refer to

Answer 15

bottom of the brain

Question 16

what does the term rostral anterior refer to

Answer 16

front of the brain

Question 17

what does the term caudal posterior refer to

Answer 17

back of the brain

Question 18

what does the term rostal superior refer to

Answer 18

top of the spinal chord

Question 19

what does the term caudal inferior refer to

Answer 19

bottom of spinal chord

Question 20

what does the term ventral anterior refer to

Answer 20

front of the spinal chord

Question 21

what does the term dorsal posterior refer to

Answer 21

back of the spinal chord

Question 22

what are the top, front, back, bottom of the brain/ spinal chord called

Answer 22

top- superior
bottom- inferior
front- anterior
back- posterior

Question 23

what are the gyri and sulci of the brain

Answer 23

folded appearnace
efficient way of packing thin layer into small space/ maximise surface area
gyri- elevated
sulci- grooves

Question 24

what is paleoneorology

Answer 24

study of brain evolution in extinct species

Question 25

what is the primary motir cortex

Answer 25

strip of tissue along top of brain controlling voluntary movement

Question 26

what body parts require the most motor control

Answer 26

hands and lips

Question 27

whats the function of the occipital lobe and where is it located

Answer 27

-visual processing -back/ bottom of the brain (posterior/ inferior)

Question 28

what is the function and location of the parietal lobe

Answer 28

somatosensry processing receiving sensory info from body - superior/ posterior of brain (top/ back)

Question 29

what is the function and location of the temporal lobe

Answer 29

auditory processing, comprehension and production of language -anterior/ posterior of brain (front/back)

Question 30

what is the function and location of the frontal lobe

Answer 30

self-management, decision making, personality superior/ anterior of brain

Question 31

what are 3 ways of studying the brain

Answer 31

post mortem dissection animal models neuroimaging

Question 32

what is functional magetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tell us

Answer 32

measures oxygen levels in blood so tells us where brain activity is

Question 33

what is PET neuroimaging

Answer 33

measures metabolic activity

Question 34

what is FUI neuroimaging

Answer 34

(functional ultrasound imaging)

Question 35

what is fNIRS neuroimaging

Answer 35

measures haemoglobin concentration

Question 36

what is EEG neuroimaging

Answer 36

measures electrical activity tells us when something happens in the brain

Question 37

what is MEG neuroimaging

Answer 37

measures magnetic fields

Question 38

what is grey vs white matter

Answer 38

grey- cell bodies white- connections

Question 39

how does the neuron function

Answer 39

- dendrites receive input causing electrical changes in soma(cell body) - if the signal is strong enough, it's passed on down axon - axon terminals receive action potential and realse neurotransmitters across the synapse

Question 40

what is potential

Answer 40

seperation of charges

Question 41

what is the resting potential

Answer 41

stable negative charge difference across the membrane when not transmitting signals inside of neuron is more negative (-70mV)

Question 42

what is the graded potential

Answer 42

when dendrites receive input it can cause depolarisation Repeated depolarisation leads to neuron reaching its threshold membrane potential (-55mV)

Question 43

what is the action potential

Answer 43

when the neuron reaches its threshold membrane potential (-55mV), depolarisation occurs. positive sodium ions pass membrane into neuron. this triggers the action potential that travels down the axon at 30mV potassium ions leave the cell and the neuron becomes hyper polarised.

Question 44

what type of feedback loop does the action potential travel down the axon

Answer 44

positive

Question 45

how do neurons communicate

Answer 45

the pre-synaptic axon releases neurotransmitters Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the post synaptic dendrite

Question 46

what does the hypothalamus do

Answer 46

regulates smooth muscle e.g. heart rate, bladder contraction, digestion

Question 47

what is the hippocampus involved in

Answer 47

memory and navigation

Question 48

what is the amygdala invloved in

Answer 48

anxiety, agression and emotional responses

Question 49

what differs in the human brain compared to animals

Answer 49

increased volume more folded appearance to maximise surface area in limited space esp. in frontal lobe some areas are similar in function but key differences in connectivity