NURS 2514 > Week 2 Upper & Lower GI > Flashcards

Week 2 Upper & Lower GI Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Ondansetron drug class

A

Zofran, Anti-Emetic: Serotonin Receptor Agonist

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2
Q

Ondansetron therapeutic effects and important info

A

Treat nausea associated with stomach and blood-borne emetics by making serotonin receptors unavailable in CTZ

QT prolongation

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3
Q

Dexamethasone drug class

A

Antiemetic: glucocorticoid

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4
Q

Dexamethasone Therapeutic effects and important info

A

Unknown mechanism used to treat brief nausea associated with CTZ activation

Only indication is nausea associated with chemotherapy

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5
Q

Metoclopramide drug class

A

Anti-emetic: dopamine antagonist

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6
Q

Metoclopramide therapeutic effect and important information

A

Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors in CTZ to treat nausea associated with CTZ activation

Tardive dyskinesia (repetitive involuntary movement), prokinetic drug

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7
Q

Nabilone Drug class

A

Antiemetic: cannabinoid

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8
Q

Nabilone therapeutic effects and important information

A

Unknown mechanism (believed to activate receptors around the vomiting centre), treats nausea between chemo treatments

Causes tachycardia and hypotension, only indication is in-between chemo treatments

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9
Q

Dimenhydrinate drug class

A

anti emetic: antihistamine

Brand name: gravol

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10
Q

Dimenhydrinate therapeutic effects and important information

A

Blocks H1 and Muscarinic receptors to treat vestibular apparatus nausea

Anticholinergic drug (causes SNS activation), contrainidcated in Glaucoma, Hx Chronic Lung Disease (COPD patients likely on an anticholinergic), Difficulty urinating (anticholinergics increase retention), drowsiness (1st gen antihistamine)

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11
Q

Scopolamine Drug class

A

Antiemetics: Muscarinic Antagonist

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12
Q

Scopolamine Therapeutic effect and important information

A

Blocks nerve impulses between the vestibular apparatus and vomiting centre (poorly understood) but treats motion-related nausea

Motion sickness, can be used transdermal, increasing SNS activation (SNS-related symptoms)

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13
Q

Psyllium Drug Class

A

Laxative: bulk-forming

Brand name: metamucil

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14
Q

Psyllium Therapeutic Effects and important information

A

Similar action to fibre, increases bulk and relieves mild constipation

Works within 1-3 days, give with water to avoid esophageal obstruction

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15
Q

Docusate Sodium drug class

A

Laxitive: Surfactant

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16
Q

Docusate Sodium Therapeutic effects and important information

A

Softens stool by increasing stool water content

Produces stool in 1-3 days, indicated for MI, does NOT speed up stool passage

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17
Q

Lactulose Drug Class

A

Laxative: Osmotic

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18
Q

Lactulose mechanism and important information

A

Uses galactose and fructose (poorly digested enzymes) to increase water content and relieve mild constipation

Indicated for hepatic encephalopathy due to the excretion of ammonia, produces stool in 1-3 days

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19
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide Therapeutic Effects and important information

A

Poorly absorbed salts pull in water and relieve constipation or evacuate bowels, also neutralizes stomach acid (antacid)

Antacid: hypermagnesia
Laxative: contraindicated in abdominal pain, kidney disease (due to magnesium), purgative within 2-6 hours

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20
Q

Magnesium Hydroxide Drug class

A

Laxative: Osmotic (laxative salt), and Antacid

Milk of magnesia

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21
Q

Polyethylene Glycol Drug Class

A

Laxative: Osmotic

RestoraLAX

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22
Q

Polyethylene Glycol Therapeutic effects and important information

A

Non-absorbable compound stays int he bowel and pulls water into the lumen

Purgative effects within 2-6 hours, also used for chronic constipation

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23
Q

Bisacodyl Drug Class

A

Laxative: Stimulant

Dulcolax

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24
Q

Bisacodyl Therapeutic effects and important information

A

Stimulate intestinal motility and pulls in water

Can be given rectal (effective in 15-60 min) or PO, NOT purgative, indicated for opioid induced constipation, commonly abused

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25
Diphenoxylate and Atropine Drug Class
Antidiarrheals: opioid Lomotil
26
Diphenoxylate + Atropine therapeutic effects and important information
Activate opioid receptors in the GI to slow motility, preventing diarrhea by increasing fluid absorption time Toxic megacolon (in IBD patients), atropine added to prevent abuse
27
Loperamide Drug class
Antidiarrheal: Opioid Imodium
28
Loperamide therapeutic effects and important information
Suppress bowel motility and secretion through low dose opioid to prevent watery stool Indicated for discharge reduction in people with ileostomies, indicated for tenesmus, large doses do not give morphine like effects
29
Bismuth Subsalicylate Drug class
Antidiarrheals: other Pepto Bismol
30
Bismuth Subsalicylate therapeutic effects and important information
Coats the GI tract, prevents diarrhea, has antimicrobial properties Causes dark stools (dont mistake for melena), increases bleeding time (works on prostaglandins), blue gums, metallic taste tinnitus at high doses
31
Omeprazole drug class
Anti Ulcer: Proton Pump Inhibitor
32
Omeprazole Therapeutic effects and important information
Drastically reduces stomach acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting H+ K+ ATPase Enteric-coated, causes pneumonia, fractures (less calcium absorption), rebound acid hypersecretions (dyspepsia), hypomagnesemia
33
Cimetidine Drug class
Anti Ulcer: H2 Receptor Agonist
34
Cimetidine Therapeutic effects and important informations
Reduces gastric acid volume and concentration by inhibiting H2 receptor parietal cells in the stomach Pneumonia, confusion/CNS depression, all H2 antagonists end in tidine
35
Sucralfate drug class
Anti Ulcer
36
Sucralfate therapeutic effects and important information
Protects the GI lining from ulcers by making a mucosal barrier (sticky gel) that protects against acid and pepsin Lasts for 6 hours, give on an empty stomach 30 mins before antacids and 2 hours before/after meds, no systemic effects
37
Misoprostol drug class
Anti ulcer
38
Misoprostol Therapeutic effects and important information
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin that replace prostaglandins inhibited by NSAIDS, the increase in prostaglandins (defensive factor) causes suppression of gastric acid secretion, promotion of bicarb/mucus secretion, and increases in mucosal blood flow
39
What are the 4 Antacids Name and brand name
Magnesium Hydroxide: milk of Magnesia Calcium Carbonate: Tums Aluminum Hydroxide: Almajel Sodium Bicarbonate: Sodium Bicarbonate
40
What is the therapeutic effect of the 4 antacids and what is important information for them
Neutralize stomach acid through different alkaline compounds to raise the pH, once pH is above 5 they stimulate prostaglandin secretion Calcium Carbonate: constipation, acid rebound, hypercalcemia Aluminum Hydroxide: constipation, hypophosphatemia Magnesium Hydroxide: Laxative, hypermagnesia Sodium Bicarbonate: Alkalosis, sodium loading Both carbonates cause belching, and flatulence
41
What are the 4 antibacterials used for the GI week
Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin, Metronidazole, Tetracycline
42
What are the important things to know about the 4 antibiotics used for the GI week
They are ONLY indicated for H. pylori induced PUD, 2-3 antibiotics are given to give broad coverage and reduce resistance
43
Sulfasalazine Drug Class
IBD: 5-Aminosalicylates
44
Sulfasalazine therapeutic effects and important information
Treatment for mild-moderate IBD, strong anti-inflammatory that inhibits prostaglandins Monitor for bleeding and hematological disorders (agranulocytes), arthralgia (joint pain)
45
Budesonide drug class
IBD drug: glucocorticoid
46
Budesonide therapeutic effects and important infromation
Short term IBD therapy to induce remission, antinflammatory in ileum and ascending colon Short term enteric coated (do not crush), minimal side effects if used short term
47
Infliximab drug class
IBD drug: immunomodulator
48
Infliximab Therapeutic effects and important information
ifliximab is a monoclonal antibody that neutralizes (modulates) TNF which is an important immunoinflammatory modulator Risk of lymphoma and opportunistic infections, infusion reactions give flu-like symptoms and cardiopulmonary reaction (HTN or hypotension)
49
Cyclosporine drug class
IBD immunosuppressant
50
Cyclosporine Therapeutic effects and important information
Calcineurin inhibitor that works fast and strong to suppress the immune system Severe UC and crohns, Lymphoma, renal impairment (75%), nephrotoxicity
51
Mallory-Weiss Tear
A tear in the esophagus near the stomach caused by forceful vomiting
52
Pyrois
heartburn (acid backing up into esophagus
53
Dyspepsia
indigestion (bloating, fullness, discomfort, burping)
54
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood - Frank Red blood: blood that has not been in contact with digestive enzymes - Coffee ground blood (blood that is partially digested
55
Occult bleeding
blood in stool not visible to the eye, must be tested for
56
Melena
black tarry stool caused by digested blood
57
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum caused by a rupture in the GI tract
58
Eructation
belch/burp
59
Borborygmi
the normal or irregular digestive sounds heard on auscultation
60
Esophageal varices
enlarged veins of the esophagus (can be easily broken)
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