Q1. Which of the following is an example of a variable with a NOMINAL level of measurement
Research (why, how, where,
process of answering questions
How/ with we answer the question
Empirical research: data/evidence= Variables that need to be observe, measure or assessed with levels of measurement
levels of measurement :4
-Nominal: By name, yes or no,
-Ordinal: distance between each interval in NOT THE SAME
low,medium,high
small, medium, large
strongly A, Somewhat A, SW DA, Strongly DA
-Interval: distance between each interval IS THE SAME
temperature
IQ’S
ZERO (0): Relative
-Ratio: Distance between each interval IS THE SAME
$
The number of times you take at least 30 mins walks each week
ABSOLUTE ZERO MEANING ??
EXAMPLES:
Ordinal: Que tanto interactuas con classmate: nada, poquito, mas o menos, nada
RATIO: Years of formal schooling
RATiO: Number of clients saw social worker per month
Q3. Which of the following best describes an example of bivariate data analysis? QUIZ
What is the frequency of Asians living in San Diego County? UNIVARIATE
What is the percent of male in the city of La Mesa. UNIVARIATE
What is the relationship among gender, ethnicity, education, poverty, and the level of depression? MULTIVARIATE
RIGHT: What is the relationship between ethnicity and the level of depression? BIVARIATE
A question can have more than one variable
1 variable: univariate
2 variables: bivariate
3 or more variables: multivariate
A research was conducted to assess which of three treatment modalities (e.g., CBT only, Medication only, or CBT+Medication) would work best in decreasing the level of depression of the clients. Which of the following describes the best statistics to use for data analysis?
-Pearson’s correlation coefficient
-One-way ANOVA
-RIGHT: Paired-samples t-test
-Independent-samples t-test
NOTES:
-Determine which one is an IV (treatment modalities, 3) VC a DV (depression)
-The IV: levels of measurement (nominal); the DV: the level of measurement (interval/ratio)
- Statistics selection matrix (which we will learn from week 6) can be used to determine which statistics should be selected
NOIR: Nominal, Ordinal, Inteval, Ratio
HOW DV OR IV is used: Categorical or Continuous
-NO: Categorical
-IR: Continuous : years of education & salary
Q5. When you design a research to assess whether a health promotion intervention on diabetes self-management works or not in improving health outcome of the clients after the intervention. All of the followings are important consideration, but which of the following should we be MOST concerned about?
- External validity (= generalizability)
-RIGHT: Internal validity: it is the Level of confidence that a research has in attributing the change to the intervention
-Face validity of a health outcome measure: What it is the intention to measure
-Reliability of a health outcome measure
NOTES: of questions/measures
-RELIABILITY: Consistency
EXAMPLES OF RELIABILITY
1-Split-half
2-Inter-rater
3-Internal Consistency
alphas BUSCAR ADD….
-VALIDITY: Accuracy
RESEARCH DESIGN
1) SURVEY RESEARCH DESIGN:
-Purpose: To learn, explore, and uncover & Exploratory Research
-Important consideration: External Validity
-Types:
Cross-sectional survey
O
Longitudinal survey: CHECK PIC.
Time-series survey
o o o o o.. (different people)
Panel survey
o o o o o….(same people)
2) INTERVENTION RESEARCH DESIGN
-Purpose: To asses, test, evaluate or explain
-Important consideration: Internal validity
-Types:
1) Posttest-only RD
X O1
2) SIngle-Group Pre- and Post-test RD
O1 X O2
3) Quasi-Experimental RD O1 X O2 O1 O2
True-Experminetal RD (RCT) (RANDOM ASSIGNMENT)
R O1 X O2
R O1 O2
Q7. Median is one example of DISPERSION descriptive statistics.
True or False
RIGHT: False
Q8. Descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the study population.
True or False
RIGHT: False
NOTES: Descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the study SAMPLE
Study Population= study SAMPLE Check PIC…
Ex: 2 million adults in San Diego county (no los puedes contactar a todos y hacen random sample
10% 200,000 es la study population
1% 20,000
2% 40,000 Random Sample and we collect data, y les preguntas demographic que droga usan, etc..
Random sample
-INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: Puedes de una esos 2 millones recibir resultados si los 40 mil son una Representative Sample (representan a los que usan drogas)
Q9. Descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the study population.
True or False
False
Based on the following research question,
“Are immigrants with high level of acculturation more likely than those with low level of acculturation to have higher scores of psychological distress?”
-An independent variable is scores of psychological distress.
-A dependent variable is two levels of acculturation.
-An independent variable in this observation has two categories.
-There are two independent variables in this observation.
