1
Q
1
A
Apical ligament
2
Q
Name and classify the joint between the xiphoid process and the body of the sternum.
A
Name: Xiphisternal joint
Classification: Consists of hyaline cartilage making it a: Cartilagenous, Synchondrotic, Amphiarthrotic joint.
3
Q
10
A
Vertebral Canal (or individually known as vertebral foramen)
4
Q
What joint is the green arrow pointing to?
A
The intervertebral disc joint between L5 and the Sacrum (S1)
5
Q
What is the supraspinous ligament a continuation of?
A
The Nuchal ligament
6
Q
10
A
Left atlanto-occipital joint
7
Q
1
A
Tectorial mebrane (cut)
8
Q
For the Atlanto-Occipital joint:
- Name the bony features involved in the joint
- Classify it
- What movements are possible at this joint and what planes do they occur in?
- Name the 2 membranes connecting the skull to C1. What are thier roles?
A
- Superior articulating facets of C1 to the occipital condyles of the skull
- Synovial, Biaxial, Condyloid
- Sagital plane: Nodding (flexion/extension), Coronal Plane: Lateral Flexion
- Anterior and posterior Atlanto-Occipital membranes. both help to prevent excessive movement of the joint.
9
Q
5
A
Lamina of vertebral arch
10
Q
12
A
Anterior atlanto-axial membrane
11
Q
4
A
Anterior atlanto-axial membrane
12
Q
For the interchondral joints:
- How are these joints numbered? (give example)
- Which ribs are involved?
- what parts are involved in this joint?
- What is the classification of each?
- Name the ligaments that support the interchondral joints?
A
- By intercostal space (Below 5th rib is 5th intercostal space = 5th intercostal joint
- Between ribs 5-10
- Costal cartilages of the above and below rib
- 5th and 9th = Fibrous, syndesmostic, amphiarthrotic. 6th, 7th and 8th = Synovial, Uniaxial, gliding.
- The interchondral ligaments
13
Q
5
A
Posterior longitudinal Ligament
14
Q
State the bony attachements for the lateral costotransverse ligaments?
A
Tip of the transverse process to the rough non-articular part of the costal tubercle of the rib.
15
Q
12
A
Interspinous ligament
16
Q
1
A
Body of atlas
17
Q
1
A
Joint capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
18
Q
7
A
Interspinous ligaments
19
Q
Name the two highlighted joints.
A
Green: Costotransverse
Pink: Costovertebral
20
Q
8
A
Posterior atlanto-axial membrane
21
Q
13
A
Costotransverse joint
22
Q
The apical ligament is a remenant of what structure?
A
The Notochord
23
Q
For the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament:
- On its decent what bony feature does this ligament attach to on C1?
- Where does this ligament ultimately end?
- What two structures of the vertebral column does it attach to on its way down?
- What is the specialised function of this ligament?
- What is the most superior attachment for this ligament?
A
- Anterior Tubercle of C1
- Pelvic surface of sacrum
- The anterior vertebral bodies and the annulus fibrosis of the I.V discs
- Prevents hyperextension of the vertebetral column
- Basilar part of occipital bone
24
Q
2
A
Axis (vertbral body/anterior arch)
25
5
Intervertebral Foramen
26
1
Anterior arch of atlas
27
For Sternocostal joints:
1. Which number of ribs are involved?
2. What parts make up this joint?
3. Are they all the same?
4. What is the classification for each?
5. Name the ligaments that supoort the sternocostal joints
6. How does the 2nd sternocostal joint differ and why?
1. Ribs 1-7 (with some variation)
2. Medial ends of the costal cartilage and the lateral border (specifically the costal notches) of the body and manubrium of the sternum
3. No, 1st S.C joint = Rough, 2-7 S.C. joints = Smooth
4. 1st = Cartilagenousm, Synchondrotic, Amphiarthrotic. 2nd-7th = Synovial, Uniaxial, Gliding.
5. Radiate sternocostal ligaments
6. Has 2 synovial joints in one capsule that also contains an extra Intra-Articular ligament that connects to the fibrocartilage pad within the manubriosternal joint. This therefor makes this joint have two facets = demifacets.
28
What are the 3 costotransverse ligaments?
Superior, lateral constotransverse ligaments and then also just the costotransverse ligament.
29
7
Dens of axis (C2)
30
Explain the two superior joints involving the sacrum? classify them.
**Sacral intervertebral disc joint:**
- Between L5 and Sacrum (S1)
- Cartilaginous, symphysis, amphiarthrosis
**Sacral intervertebral facet joints:**
- Between superior articulating processes of S1 and inferior articulating processes of L5
- Synovial, Uniaxial, gliding
31
What are the attachements for the ligamentum flavum?
Between laminae (from C2 and C3 to the Sacrum)
32
6
Posterior longitudinal ligament
33
Name and classify the joint between the manubrium and the body of the sternum.
Name: Manubriosternal joint
Classification: Has a thin pad of fibrocartilage between the two parts of the sternum making it a: Cartilagenous, Symphysis, amphiarthrotic joint.
34
6
Left Ligamentum Flavum (Interlamina Ligament)
35
3
Anterior longitudinal ligament
36
7
Transverse Ligament of Atlas (part of cruciate ligament)
37
2
right Superior articulating facet of atlas
38
What is this joint known as (be specific)
lateral Atlanto-Axial joint (left and right)
39
What is this joint called?
Intervertebral facet joint
or
Zygapophysial joint
40
What 3 structures does the costovertebral radiate ligament attach to from the head of the rib?
1. Intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosis)
2. Adjacent vertebral body
3. Fibrous capsule of joint
41
9
Nuchal ligament
42
What ligament attaches to the area highlighted in blue? What are the bony structures highlighted green and pink and what do each of them articulate with?
Blue: The intra-articular ligament
Green: Inferior costal demifacet on vertebral body, That articulates with the superior articular demifacet on the head of the rib.
Pink: Superior costal demifacet on vertebral body, that articulates with the inferior articular demifacet on the head of the rib.
43
17
Nucleus pulposa (part of intervertebral disc)
44
3
Vertebral Canal (foramen if singlular)
45
Name and classify the articulation found between the apex of the sacrum and the 1st coccygeal bone. Name the two ligaments that support this joint. How does this joint differ from the joint between Co1 and Co2?
Sacrococcygeal joint: Cartilagenous, symphysis, amphiarthrotic.
The anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
Co1 and Co2 are fused whereas the sacrococcygeal joint is cartilagenous and amphiarthrotic.
46
4
Intertransverse Ligament
47
9
Ligamentum flavum
48
6
Occipital bone
49
7
Pedicle of vertebral arch (cut)
50
13
Articular cavity between dens and arterior arch (median atlanto-axial joint)
51
1
Anterior longitudinal ligament
52
2
Body of axis
53
What are the attachments for the interspinous ligament?
Between adjacent spinous processes
54
9
Supraspinous Ligament
55
6
Transverse ligament of atlas (part of cruciate ligament)
56
Explain the intervertebral facet joints? Give the joint classification.
Known as zygapophysial joints.
Between superior articulating process of one vert and inferior articulating process on the vert above.
Synovial joint;
- freely movable (diathrosis)
- Plane/gliding (moves in one plane)
57
What are the attachements for the intertransverse ligament?
Between adjacent transverse processes (very scarce in cervical region and usually replaced/covered by muscle)
58
What are the 3 joints of the ribs and sternum?
Costochondral
Sternocostal
and Interchondral
59
Name the specifc attachments for the Alar ligament.
From the lateral aspect of the dens to the medial aspect of the occipital condyles
60
8
Transverse ligament of atlas (part of cruciate ligament)
61
10
Superior costotransverse ligament
62
Explain the atlanto-occipital joint? Give the classification along with the possible movements.
Between the superior articular facets of C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull.
Because facet articulation is involved it must be a synovial joint.
Moves through 2 planes:
Sagital: Nodding (flexion and extention)
Coronal: (lateral flexion)
Classification:
Synovial, Biaxial condyloid
63
9
Superior longitudinal band of cruciate ligament
64
7
Interspinous Ligament
65
11
Occipital Bone
66
8
Inferior longitudinal band of cruciate ligament
67
5
Supraspinous ligament
68
State the bony attachements of the costotransverse ligament? What ribs is this absent in?
Posterior aspect of the neck of the rib to the transverse process of adjacent vertebra (it basically fills costotransverse foramen)
Absent in 11th and 12th rib
69
3
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
70
3
Capsule of atlanto-occipital joint
71
What are the 3 parts of the cruciate ligament? Which part attaches to C1, and to what bony feature? What is the specific function of this ligament?
Superior and inferior longitudinal ligaments and also the transverse part of the cruciate ligament.
The transverse part attaches to the lateral mass of C1 just beneath the superior articular cartilage.
Stops posterior translation of the dens.
72
Explain the sacroiliac joints? Classify them.
The Sacroiliac joint:
- Between sacrum and ilium
- Consist of two joints in one, COMPOSITE
The anterior Sacroiliac:
Auricular surfaces (big facets) on ilium and sacrum. Because it is a facet joint, it is synovial and also uniaxial and a gliding joint.
The posterior Sacroiliac:
- Between sacral tuberosity and iliac tuberosity. Roughened, meaning it is an attachment for a ligament known as the posterior sacroiliac ligament.
- Classification: Fibrous Syndesmosis slightly movable.
73
5
Posterior atlanto-axial membrane
74
What is an amphiarthrotic joint?
Only slightly movable joint
75
1
lateral costotransverse ligament
76
6
Superior longitudinal band of cruciate ligament
77
3
Joint capsules of zygopophyseal joints
78
2
Posterior longitudinal Ligament
79
For the costotransverse joint:
1. Give the classification
2. Name the bony surfaces that contribute to the joint
3. Specifically which vertebrae exhibit these joints
4. Which ribs exhibit slight convexity to their articulating facet on the tubercle and which are flatter?
5. Discuss how this ^^^^ small variation has an impact on the movement of the ribs and changes in the thoracic dimensions
1. Synovial, Uniaxial, Gliding
2. The articular facet on tubercle of rib and the costal facet on transverse process of vertebra.
3. 1-10
4. 1-6 facets = Convex which allows slight rotation of rib. 7-10 facets = flatter which permits gliding.
5. 1-6 = increases anterior to posterior dimensions (pump handle movement) and 7-10 = Increases lateral dimensions (bucket handle movement)
80
2
Alar ligament
81
9
Foramen for vertebral artery
82
For Costochondral Joints:
1. Which number of ribs are involved?
2. What parts does the joint involve?
3. What is the classification for each?
4. Are their any ligaments supporting these joints?
1. Ribs 1-12
2. Costal (sternal or anterior) end of rib and costal cartilage
3. Cartilagenous, Synchondrotic and Amphiarthrotic (no true movement only give)
4. No, all are synchondrotic joints involving hyaline cartilage held together by the periosteum
83
11
Anterior longitudinal ligament
84
10
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
85
4
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
86
Name the 4 ligaments connecting the base of the skull to C2 and thier attachment points on vertbra and the skull.
**Tectorial membrane**: Posterior body of C2 to the Floor of cranial cavity
**Cruciate ligament:** Posterior part of body of C2 to the Anterior part of foramen magnum
**Alar Ligament:** Lateral aspect of Dens to lateral inner endge of foramen magnum
**Apical ligament:** From superior tip of Dens to just inside anterior edge of foramen magnum.
87
10
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
88
Explain the sacrococcygeal joint. Classify it.
Has a small pad of fibrocartilage between Co1 and S5. Support from the anterior and posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments.
Classification:
- Cartilaginous
- Symphysis
- Slightly movable
89
Name the joint highlighted in pink, and the 2 ligaments labelled in green and orange.
Joint: Sacrococcygeal joint
Ligaments:
- Green: Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- Organge: Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
90
8
Ligamentum Flava (Flavum is individual you idiot)
91
What does diathrosis mean?
Freely movable joint?
92
5
Radiate ligament
93
12
Anterior longitudinal ligament
94
4
Intra-articular ligament
95
What is the main role for ligaments?
Structural support via collagen fibres.
Limiting/permitting specific movements based on location and composition of the ligament.
96
4
Tectorial membrane (accesory part) (Cut)
97
17
Intertransverse ligament
98
2
Interspinous Ligament
99
7
right Superior articular facets
100
What are the attachements of the supraspinous ligaments?
Between tips of spinous processes from C7 to Sacrum
101
6
Spinous process of C7 vertebra
102
8
Zygopophysial joint
103
What bony features are highlighted? what is the joint that these two features participate in?
Top image: Articulating facet on tubercle of rib
Bottom image: Costal facet on transverse process of vertebrae
Joint: Costotransverse Joint
104
9
Superior costotransverse ligament
105
10
Costovertebral joint
106
7
Inferior Longitudinal Band of cruciate ligament
107
7
Supraspinous Ligament
108
5
Spinous process of axis
109
13
Ligamentum flavum
110
3
Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
111
What are the two posterior joints of the ribs? what two things do they each articulate with?
Costovertebral:
- Between superior and inferior articular demifacets on head of rib with the inferior and superior costal demifacets on body of vertebrae.
Costotransverse:
- Between articulating facet on tubercle of rib and costal facet on transverse process of vertebrae
112
2
Left Lamina
113
Explain the median and lateral atlanto-axial joints? Classify and define the movements possible.
Lateral atlantoaxial joints:
- Intervertebral facets between inferior articular facet of C1 and superior articular facet of C2.
Median atlantoaxail joint:
- Joint in midline between dens of axis (C2) and Fovea Dentis of atlas (C1)
Movements possible: Rotation as in "shaking"
Classification:
Lateral: Synovial Uniaxial Gliding
Median: Synovial Uniaxial Pivot
114
6
Intervertebral foramen
115
13
Intra-articular ligament
116
What is this joint known as?
Atlanto-occipital joint.
117
4
Posterior arch of atlas
118
8
Spinous process of vertebra
119
18
Costal process
120
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints and what range of movement is permitted in each?
Sutures: Synarthrotic
Gomphoses: Amphiarthrotic
Syndesmoses: Amphiarthrotic
121
4
Anterior longitudinal ligament
122
14
Radiate Ligament
123
For the Interverebral facet joints:
1. What is the alternative name given?
2. Give the classification
3. Name the specific bony surfaces that contribute to these joints
1. Zygopophysial joint
2. Synovial, Uniaxial, Gliding
3. Superior articulating process of one vertebra and inferior articulating process of the vertebra above.
124
What are the 3 types of synovial joints? list their subclasses, and also give the general movement that is permitted for ALL synovial joints.
Uniaxial:
- Gliding, Pivot and Hinge joints
Biaxial:
- Condyloid and Saddle joints
Multiaxial:
- Ball and socket
ALL SYNOVIAL JOINTS ARE DIARTHROTIC
125
3
Anterior longitudinal ligament
126
What is the joint between these two highlighted regions called? how is it classified?
Posterior Sacroiliac joint
Classification:
Fibrous,, syndesmosis, slightly movable
127
For the Nuchal ligament:
1. Attaches to which bony feature on a skull?
2. What are the 3 specifc functions of this ligament?
1. The occipital protuberance and nuchal line of occipital bone
2. Occupies bifid spinous processes, Maintains cervical curvature, Keep head upright on C1.
128
Name the attachments for the apical ligament.
Arises from the tip of the dens (aka: odontoid process) and inserts into the anterior rim of the foramen magnum specifically at the basion (mid point)
129
9
Intertransverse ligament
130
21
Intertransverse ligament
131
16
Supraspinous ligament
132
14
Anterior arch of atlas C1
133
4
Intervertebral discs (specifically annulus fribrosis)
134
8
Articular facets of costovertebral joints
135
1
Ligamentum Flavum
136
For the ligamentum flavum:
1. Why is it so called?
2. What is the alternative name?
3. What possible functions does this type of ligament have?
1. Flavum means yellow, which this ligament is, due to its elastic tissue composition
2. Interlaminal ligament
3. help Resist seperation of lamina by limiting flexion of Vertebral column. Helps to preserve normal curvatures. Assists in straightening Vertebral column after flexion.
137
3
Supraspinous Ligament
138
State the bony attachemtns for the superior costotransverse ligaments?
The neck of each rib to the inferior portion of the transverse process of the vertebra above
139
For the Intervertebral disc joint:
1. Give the classification
2. Name the two parts of the disc
3. Which part of the disc is a remenant from embryological development?
4. Name the embryological strucure from Q.3
1. Cartilagenous, Symphysis, Amphiarthrotic
2. Annulus fibrosis (Outer perimeter) and Nucleus pulposa
3. Nucleus pulposa
4. Rememant of the notochord
140
2
Vertebral Artery
141
For the atlanto-axial joint:
1. Distinguish between lateral and median atlantoaxial joints and state the classification of each.
2. What movement is possible at each of these joints?
3. Name the two membranes connecting C1 to C2
1. Lateral: Synovial, Uniaxial and Gliding. Median: Synovial, Uniaxial, Pivot.
2. Rotaion (shaking)
3. Anterior and posterior atlantoaxial membranes
142
What are these?
Intervertebral discs
143
For the Supraspinous and interspinous ligaments:
1. What is the likely function?
2. With what structure do these become continuous with above C7?
1. Both limit flexion of vertebral column
2. Nuchal ligament
144
15
Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
145
For the Sacroiliac joint:
1. Name and classify the two joints between the lateral sacrum
2. What specifc features does each joint articulate with?
3. Which of these bony feaures formed from the transverse element? and which of these bony features formed from the costal element?
1. Anterior Sacroiliac joint: Synovial, Uniaxial and gliding. The Posterior Sacroiliac Joint is fibrous, Syndesmotic and amphiarthrotic.
2. Anterior: Auricular surface of the illium to the auricular surface of the sacrum. Posterior: Sacral tuberosity to iliac tuberosity.
3. Costal element = Alar. Transverse = Sacral Tuberosity
146
11
External occipital protuberance
147
What is the specific function of the alar ligaments?
Prevent excessive rotational movement
148
What is the joint highlighted?
Sacroiliac joint (left and right)
149
What are the two types of cartilagenous joints? what range of movement is permitted in each?
Synchondrosis: Amphiarthrotic
Symphysis: Amphiarthrotic
150
Explain the classification of the costovertebral joint? (be specific in differentiating ribs)
Classification:
Synovial, Uniaxial, Gliding
Ribs 2-9, possibly 10: Is 2 joints in 1 capsule seperated by an intra-articular ligament
Rib 1,11, 12 and possibly 10: Is 1 joint in 1 capsule.
151
10
Posterior longitudinal ligament
152
What is this joint? (be specific)
Median Atlantoaxial joint
153
What are intervertebral disc joints? What is their classification? what degree of movement is permissable?
Joints between vertebral bodies made up of a fibrocartilage pad.
Classed as a cartilaginous and symphysis joint.
Only slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) - Will allow some "give" if thicker
154
What is proprioception? and what types of joints is it most important in?
Basically, the ability to know/be aware of where parts of your body are at any given time.
Most important in joints that move, i.e. synovial
155
15
Superior Costotransverse ligament
156
6
Posterior Longitudinal ligament (becoming tectorial membrane) (cut)
157
16
tectorial membrane
158
For the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
1. What is the most superior attachement point?
2. Which canal does it run in?
3. What does this ligament attach to on its way down?
4. How does it differ from the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament in structure?
5. Which canal does it terminate in?
6. What is its main function?
1. Posterior part of the body of C2
2. Vertebral canal
3. Attaches to posterior portion of vertebral bodies and posterior regions of annulus fibrosis of I.V discs.
4. Has serated margines to avoid pedicles
5. Sacral canal
6. Helps to prevent hyperflexion of Vertebral Column. Contains stretch/pain receptors that help warn of disc herneation.
159
3
Intervertebral disc
160
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
161
What 5 things do all synovial joints contain?
All contain:
- A joint capsule
- Synovial fluid
- A Synovial membrane
- Articular Cartilage
- A Joint cavity
162
4
Posterior arch of atlas (C1)
163
5
Capsule of right lateral atlanto-occipital joint
164
For the costovertebral joints:
1. Classify them
2. Name the specifc bony surfaces that contribute to these joints
3. Which costovertebral joints contain an intra-articular ligament?
4. To what rib feature does an intra-articular ligament attach?
5. Into what connective tissue structure does it blend?
1. Synovial, Uniaxial, Gliding
2. Superior and inferior articular demifacets on head of rib and the inferior and superior costal demifacts on body of vertebrae.
3. 2-9 and possible 10
4. Crest of head of rib
5. Intra-articular ligament that then connects to the annulus fibrosis of I.V discs
165
5
Anterior Atlanto-Occipital membrane
166
14
Lateral costotransverse ligament
167
1
Left Pedicle
168
What is the joint highlighted in pink?
The sacral Intervertebral facet joint
A ( Trunk )
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