Week 3- Speech perception 1 & 2

Question 1

Speech perception refers to….

Answer 1

how we identify the sounds of language (phonemes)

Question 2

Spoken word recognition refers to …

Answer 2

how we recognize words

Question 3

What is prelexical code?

Answer 3

–sound representations before a word is recognized

Question 4

What is postlexical code?

Answer 4

-sound representations after a word has been identified

Question 5

Phonemes in speech can be identified a lot faster than what type of sounds?

• __+___+___+___ could be identified at 1.5 sounds per second
• phonemes in speech can be identified at ____ per second or faster

Answer 5

• separate non-speech sounds
• buzz, hiss, tone, vowel
• 20 exemplars

Question 6

Spoken words in ____ can be identified about ____ ms from their onset

Answer 6

context, 200

Question 7

When are words recognized more easily and faster?

Answer 7

-words in a meaningful context can be recognized more easily and faster than in isolation

Question 8

Why can phonemes not be easily separated?

Answer 8

-they slur together

Question 9

What is co-articulation?

Give an example.

Answer 9

-the pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes, e.g. nasalization of / I/ in “pin” compared to “pig”

Question 10

Do both hemispheres play causal roles in speech perception? Use the Hickock et al. study and other studies to give proof.

Answer 10

• several studies show that even acute patients with unilateral left-hemisphere (LH) damage need manifest only moderate speech perception problems
• Hickock et al., shows that auditory word recognition is bilaterally organized and approx. 72% of cases have bilateral fairly symmetric lesions

Question 11

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.

• speech contains information on different ___ ____?
  e. g., stop consonant discrimination approx. ___ ms, syllabic stress pattern recognition approx. ____ ms

Answer 11

• time scales
• 20-80
• 150-300

Question 12

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.

• speech contains information on different __ ___
  e. g., stop consonant discrimination approx. ___ ms, syllabic stress pattern recognition approx. ____ ms

Answer 12

• time scales
• 20-80
• 150-300

Question 13

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
Poeppel et al. (2003): both hemispheres initially create similar ____ representations of incoming sounds but later sample from these with different ____.

Answer 13

high-fidelity, rates

Question 14

What is co-articulation?

Give an example.

Answer 14

-the pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes, e.g. nasalization of /I/ in “pin” compared to “pig”

Question 15

_______ makes faster speech possible

Answer 15

co-articulation

Question 16

Explain Hickock’s and Poeppel’s Dual Stream Model of speech perception.

Answer 16

Main assumptions and components:

• bilateral speech perception
• difference between left and right sampling times
• ventral (what) and dorsal (how) streams

Question 17

Do both hemispheres play causal roles in speech perception?

Answer 17

• test to match spoken word with one of four pictures (correct, phonological distractor, semantic distractor, unrelated distractor; e.g. bear, pear, moose, grapes)
• auditory word recognition bilaterally organized
• patients with word deafness have symptoms of variable severity
• approx. 72% of cases have bilateral fairly symmetric lesions

Question 18

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
-speech contains information on different __ ___

Answer 18

-time scales

Question 19

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH.
Poeppel et al. (2003): both hemispheres initially create similar ____ representations of incoming sounds but later sample from these with different ____.

Answer 19

high-fidelity, rates

Question 20

Recognition of phonemes does not have to be based on the_____ of the phoneme in question alone

Answer 20

acoustic segments

Question 21

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH. Abrams et al. (2008): study of 9–12-year-old children listening to “The young boy left home.” What were the two effects?

Answer 21

Two effects: LH and RH suppression to concordance (match with inner speech), LH enhancement to unpredicted discordance

Question 22

Hypothesis: temporal integration windows differ between LH and RH. Abrams et al. (2008): study of 9–12-year-old children listening to “The young boy left home.” What were the results?

Answer 22

The left hemisphere showed greater sensitivity to phoneme/syllable-level discordance, the right to whole item discordance

Question 23

If the right hemisphere samples speech in larger chunks, what could aphasia from RH damage look like? (Discussion question)

Answer 23

-may fail to abstract the main point contained in the information being shared
-Inability to interpret body language and facial expressions
-Problems with Conversational Rules
-disorientation to time and direction
-difficulty interpreting visual stimuli
??

Question 24

If the right hemisphere samples speech in larger chunks, what might be a helpful therapy for LH fluent aphasia? (Discussion question)

Answer 24

-patients are asked to name pictures.
-Body Part Naming
-Oral sentence reading
??

Question 25

_____ reported in the 1970’s and 80’s for aphasic patients (e.g., Miceli, 1980): -matching heard words to pictures vs. phoneme discrimination and identification Give an example:

Answer 25

double dissociations | -e.g. matching /kæt/ with the animal and not the bed but failing to hear the difference between /kæt/ and /kɔt/

Question 26

Hickock & Poeppel: phoneme tasks recruit some of the same neural substrates as ____, which are separate areas from those recruited by word comprehension tasks

Answer 26

repetition

Question 27

What is lexical interface? Where is it located?

Answer 27

- a relay station between phonological structures of words (middle STS bilaterally) and semantic structures of words (widely distributed) - located in pMTG and pITG in both hemispheres

Question 28

Damage to pMTG and pITG results in what type of aphasia?

Answer 28

transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 29

Lexical interface- Boatsman et al. (2000) -six neurosurgical patients received direct electrical stimulation in implanted electrode arrays Electrode pairs in pMTG resulted in symptoms of what type of aphasia?

Answer 29

-transcortical sensory aphasia

Question 30

Lexical interface- Dronkers et al. (2004) -64 chronic aphasia patients performed a battery of 11 sentence-picture comprehension tests What kind of mapping? What types of sentences were affected?

Answer 30

- voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping | - all but simple sentence types affected

Question 31

Rogalsky and Hickock (2009): two tasks:

Answer 31

- detect syntactic anomaly (The plumber with the glasses were installing the sink.) - detect semantic anomaly (The infant was spilling some carpet on the milk.)

Question 32

Talk about the findings from Rogalsky & Hickock (2009):

Answer 32

-the whole ATL (anterior temporal lobe) ROI (region of interest) responded more strongly during active tasks than passive listening -most of the ROI was equally sensitive to semantic and syntactic attention -a small cluster of voxels showed semantic > syntactic pattern -no voxels showed syntactic > semantic pattern => syntax and semantics processed together in ATL

Question 33

The ventral stream: from what to what | The dorsal stream: from what to what

Answer 33

The ventral stream: from sound to meaning | The dorsal stream: from sound to speech

Question 34

Sensorimotor interface. | -the most posterior portion of the supratemporal plane is called

Answer 34

-planum temporale (PT)

Question 35

Sensorimotor interface. - based on cell analysis, consist of __ different fields - includes ____

Answer 35

- four | - area spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal)

Question 36

spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal) appears to...

Answer 36

-it appears to translate between sound-based phonological network in the temporal lobe and motor-based articulatory network in the posterior frontal lobe

Question 37

Based on cell analysis, the sensorimotor interface consists of __ different fields -includes ____

Answer 37

- four | - area spt (sylvian-parietal-temporal)

Question 38

Articulatory network includes areas involved in ___ and ___ speech and it provides what? ...

Answer 38

- overt and covert speech - provides neural substrate for auditory-verbal short-term memory (STM) = the phonological loop in Baddeley & Hitch’s working memory (WM) model

Question 39

Articulatory network supports ... and allows ...

Answer 39

- supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords - allows recycling phonological material in mental rehearsal based on internal (covert) speech

Question 40

Articulatory network supports...

Answer 40

-supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords

Question 41

Articulatory network includes areas involved in what types of speech? and it provides what? ...

Answer 41

- overt and covert speech - provides neural substrate for auditory-verbal short-term memory (STM) = the phonological loop in Baddeley & Hitch’s working memory (WM) model

Question 42

Articulatory network supports...

Answer 42

-supports digit span, repetition of pseudowords and nonwords

Question 43

Articulatory network is also involved in speech perception. -data from aphasic patients (e.g., Miceli, 1980) suggest that tasks of phoneme monitoring or phonological awareness, such as identifying or discriminating between single phonemes rely on _____ and integrity of the ____ stream

Answer 43

auditory-verbal STM, dorsal

Question 44

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) allows...

Answer 44

selective enhancement or interference with processing in targeted brain regions

Question 45

D’Ausilio et al. (2009). -targeted lip and tongue areas in the left primary motor cortex -there were two syllables with “lip sounds” /bæ/ and /pæ/ and two syllables with “tongue sounds”: /dæ/ and /tæ/ embedded in white noise -TMS pulses were delivered either to lip or tongue motor areas 50 ms before consonant onset -pulses to the lip area improved identification of labial consonants and TMS pulses to the tongue area improved identification of the two dental consonants What were the results?

Answer 45

=> motor stimulation effects on speech perception