AN SCI 373 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

Hormones secreted where

A

Into extracellular fluid; circulates in blood, hemolymph

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2
Q

Role of hormones

A

Communicates regulatory responses through interaction with a specific receptor
- Reproduction
- Development
- Energy metabolism
- Growth
- Behavior

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3
Q

Endocrine system

A

Chemical signaling by hormones

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4
Q

Levels of cellular regulation

A

Intracellular, local environment, systematic regulation

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5
Q

Intracellular regulation

A

Within the individual cells themselves (positive or negative regulation)
- Covalent modification
- Phosphorylation

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6
Q

Local environment regulation

A

Cells response to the immediate environment, including presence of other cells
- Local factors secreted by other cells
- Extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Systematic regulation

A

Provides integration of activities of cells distant from each other
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Overlap between endocrine and nervous system

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8
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Hormone enters the blood

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9
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Hormone works on a neighboring cell

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10
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Hormone works on itself

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11
Q

Neuroendocrine signaling

A

Neurons release hormone that then acts on a receptor on a cell

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12
Q

Hormones

A
  • Chemical substance (many diverse substances)
  • Produced in one organ
  • Transported via blood to a distant organ
  • Modifies organ function
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13
Q

Types of hormones

A

Steroids (lipids)- derivatives of cholesterol, derivatives of arachidonic acids (lipids), proteins/peptides, catecholamines, glycoproteins

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14
Q

Which hormones act via membrane receptor

A
  • Proteins
  • Glycoproteins
    -Prostaglandin (derived from arachidonic acid)
  • Catecholamines (aa derivative)
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15
Q

Which hormones act via nuclear receptor

A
  • Steroids
  • Thyroxine (aa derivative)
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16
Q

Hormone classification

A

-Amines
- Peptides
- Steroids
- Prostaglandins

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17
Q

Amines

A
  • Derived from tyrosine
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Epinephrine/norepinephrine
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18
Q

Peptides

A
  • Peptides: short proteins (1-9 amino acids)
  • Polypeptides (long unbranched peptide chain)
  • Proteins (one or more polypeptides arranged together)
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19
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • Derivative of cholesterol (fat soluble)
  • Have a direct action on target cell
  • Pass through cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer) and have intracellular receptors
  • Binds to receptor in cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell
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20
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Derived from arachidonic acid

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21
Q

Examples of steroid hormones

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A
  • Progesterone (female sex hormone)
  • Testosterone (male sex hormone)
  • Aldosterone (adrenal cortex hormone)
  • Cortisol (adrenal cortex hormone)
    -Estradiol (female sex hormone)
22
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

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A
  • B adrenergic receptor (GPCR)
  • EGF receptor ( RTKs)
    -Insulin receptor (RTKs)
  • Growth hormone receptor (JAK/STA)
23
Q

RTK signaling (EGF-EGFR)

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A

-hormone binds to receptor and induces receptor dimerization with other nearby RTK
- Cytoplasmic kinase domains are activated
- Receptor becomes autophorsphorylated on tyrosine residues
- Results in creation of binding sites for an addutional factor which activates the subsequent signaling pathway (2nd messenger system)

24
Q

JAK/STAT signaling (Growth hormone)

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A
  • GH binds receptor, then STAT binds –> JAK talks to STAT
  • STAT then delivers message to nucleus and triggers a reaction
25
G-Protein Coupled Receptor signaling
- Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins - 7 transmembrane domains; integral membrane proteins, the extracellular part of the receptor can be glycosylated - Ligand binds to receptor outside of cell - Intracellular domain then activates G protein (2nd messenger system)
26
Posterior Pituitary
-Neuron terminals in posterior pituitary (release vasopressin and oxytocin into systemic blood) -neuron terminals connect to neurosecretory cell bodies that produce oxytocin and vasopressin in paraventricular nucleus and Supraoptic nucleus
27
Anterior Pituitary
- Neurosecretory neurons in hypothalamus (secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal system) - Neurons and anterior pituitary communicate via Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system - Endocrine cells of anterior pituitary secrete hormones into blood
28
Hormones of Anterior Pituitary
- TSH - ACTH - Prolactin - Growth hormone - LH and FSH (sex hormones)
29
TSH
-Acts on thyroid gland - promotes thyroid hormone T3 and T4 - leads to increased metabolic rate
30
ACTH
- Acts on adrenal cortex - Promotes cortisol - causes stress response
31
Growth hormone
- Acts on liver (and adipose tissue, and muscle) - Promotes IGF-1 which causes growth of bone and soft tissue
32
Prolactin
- Acts on mammary glands - Causes breast growth and milk secretion
33
Regulation of Anterior Pituitary
- Hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones - These hormones reach anterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system - Neural input - Negative-feedback effects of anterior pituitary or target gland hormones (can be applied to all hormones that are in the hypothalamic- anterior pituitary gland axis)
34
Positive Feedback
-Process of labor -Occurs during milk letdown
35
Pineal gland
- Secretes melatonin (produced by seratonin) - Maintains circadian rhythm (melatonin secretion increases x10 in darkness) - Seasonal changes in melatonin secretin patterns trigger reproduction - In mammals, melatonin output is controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus (SCN receives light info from eyes)
36
Long day breeders
Breed during summer
37
Short day breeders
Breed during fall/winter
38
Melatonins affect on reproduction
- LH pulse frequency influenced by concentration of melatonin which is dependent on light being received by eyes
39
Direct effects of Growth Hormone
Enhances immune system Metabolic effects: - Target organs are adipose tissue skeletal muscle and liver - Mobilizes fat stores as a major energy source - Conserves glucose for use by the brain (Decreases glucose uptake by muscles and increases glucose output by liver)
40
Mediation of GH's actions
Mediated by insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)- indirect effects - Stimulates production of IGF-1 by the liver - Critical for long bone growth in young animals
41
Thyroid hormones
- Derived from tyrosine - contains iodine - T4 has 4 iodine - T3 has 3 iodine (this is the active form) -Functions include increase internal heat/oxygen consumption, stimulate metabolic tissues, and ATP
42
Mechanism of thyroid hormone action
- T3 is the major biologically active form of thyroid hormone - Most secreted T4 is activated by conversion to T3 by deiodinase enzyme - T3 binds with nuclear receptors attached to thyroid-response elements of DNA - Alters transcription of specific mRNAs and synthesis of specific proteins
43
Pathway for Thyroid hormone
- Stress is inhibitor and cold in infants is a promoter - Hypothalamus releases Thyrotropin-releasing hormone - This stimulates anterior pituitary to produce Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - THis produces thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4 - T3 causes metabolic rate and heat production to increase and enhances sympathetic activity - T3 and T4 negatively regulate TSH in anterior pituitary
44
Calcitonin
- Secreted by parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid gland -Polypeptide - 32 amino acids long - Stimulated by hypercalcemia and hypermagnesia - Inhibits osteoclast activity
45
Parathyroid gland
-Embedded in thyroid glands - One or two pairs depending on animal
46
Parathyroid hormone
- Polypeptide, 84 amino acids long - Stimulated by low blood calcium concentrations (hypocalcemia) - Bones: increases osteolysis - Kidneys: increases calcium absorption from tubular fluid - Intestine: increases calcium and phosphorous absorption by increased formation of active form of vitamin D
47
Adrenal glands
Adrenal cortex: - 3 distinct layers Adrenal medulla - homogenous - contains secretory granules - supplied by preganglionic sympathetic neurons
48
Adrenal hormones
steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex - Derived from cholesterol - Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone): influence mineral (electrolyte) balance) and produced in zona glomerulosa - Glucocorticoids (cortisol): Role in metabolism of glucose, proteins, and lipids. Produced in zona fasciculata - Sex steroids: androgenic effects
49
Glucocorticoids effects (cortisol)
- Metabolic effects: increase blood glucose, while reducing proteins and fat stores - permissive actions - enhanced memory - adaption to long term stress - Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects at high doses
50
Mineralocorticoids effects
- Aldosterone enhances sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by kidney - Promote membrane transport in sweat glands, salivary glands, and intestinal mucosa
51
Catecholamines
- Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons - Secrete NE and E (both are catecholamines derived from tyrosine), stored in chromaffin granules - Secretion is by exocytosis - Secretion stimulated by the sympathetic system
52
Pancreas
- Composed of both exocrine (digestive system) and endocrine tissue - Exocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes through pancreatic duct into digestive tract - Islets of langerhans are integrators of endocrine regulatory responses and secrete hormones (pancreatic hormones are the dominant hormonal regulators of glucose homeostasis)
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