Learning about Behaviour is…
Experience > Reflection > Theory Building > Experimentation
The contract…
Contributions > Organisation > Inducements > Individual
Individual Performance Equations
Individual Attributes x work effort x organisational support = performance.
What are the individual attributes? (3)
Biographic characteristics (age)
Competency characteristics (ability)
Personality characteristics (creativity)
Describe organisational support.
Enough time,
clear instructions,
adequate tools,
control
What is motivation?
Willingness to expand effort toward an organisational goal, while satisfying
personal needs.
describe Mazlow’s hierarchy of needs
Self-actualisation > Esteem > Social > Safety > Physiological
describe the ERG theory
individual drive comes from: existence needs, relatedness needs and growth needs.
describe equity theory
Equity theory is a theory of motivation that suggests that employee motivation at work is driven largely by their sense of fairness.
What is self-serving bias
Our success comes from our traits and disposition, our failure from factors external to us.
What is attribution error?
Others’ failure comes from their traits and dispositions, their success comes from external factors.
What can managers do to maintain motivation??
- Seek info from various sources
- How is situation perceived by others?
- Avoid perceptual distortions
- Be aware of the attribution theory
- Influence perception of others
What are the impacts of Job satisfaction? What can be done to maintain this?
- It influences whether an individual stays a member of the group and
- It influences the decision to perform, work to realise goals.
- Low job satisfaction costs money in the form of labour turnover, absenteeism, tardiness
and ultimately mental and physical health
Solutions: - Change the attitude
- Change behaviour
List three Managerial skills
Human skills
* Ability to work well with other people
Conceptual skills
* Ability to analyse and solve complex problems
Technical skills
* Ability to perform specialised tasks
What values do effective managers have??
Value customers, job depends on my value, accepting ownership, building good teams and constant learning is key.
Situational Theory
There are four primary leadership styles:
-directing (tell people what to do and how)
-coaching (still define roles, but also seek ideas and suggestions from people)
-supporting (leaders pass day-to-day decisions to the follower, but control is with the follower)
-delegating (people decide how leader will be involved)
19th Century Social Conditions
Low mobility
Workers uneducated and disorganised
Low competition
What is bureaucracy?
Bureaucracy is the organisational structure in place, to control activity. It is characterised by:
* standardized procedures (rule-following)
* formal division of responsibility
* hierarchy
* impersonal relationships
Examples:
-government
-university
Fayol Principles of mgmt (maybe)
- Division of work
- Authority linked to responsibility
- Discipline
- Unity of command
- Unity of direction
- Subordination of Individual Interest
- Fair remuneration
- Centralisation
- The scalar chain
- Order/rules/regulations
- Equity
- Stability of tenure
- Initiative/delegation
- Esprit de corps
Positives and negatives of Bureaucracy
Positives
* formal rules ensure honesty
* for standard work it enables
quick throughput
* no whims
Negatives
* requires high degree of forward
planning
* some cases are unique and fall
outside the rules
* impersonal, no compassion
* No control over jobs -> less job satisfaction
Scientific Management…
analyses workflow processes to improve labour.
productivity.
-develops optimum work methods
-related monetary rewards to work done
-application of specialisations (foreman)
Positives and Negatives of Scientific Management
[Positive]
* Higher wages (at first)
* Production increase
* Use of unskilled workers
* Lower costs in production ->
lower prices for consumers
* More managers needed
[Negative]
* Relatively workers are less well
off
* No creative influence by workers
-> Lower job satisfaction
* Specialised tasks -> repetitive
work
* Not applicable to complex jobs
* Loss of skilled work
Mayo Sociological Approach
- Organisations not just
formal structures but
social networks - People will act
differently when they
know they are being
observed - Quality of the
supervision has an
impact on the quality
& quantity of the work
output
Human Relations Movement (HRM) key ideas:
- Work is a social experience, people work to satisfy social needs
- Organisations should be natural groups, in which social aspects take
precedence over organisational structures - Considerate supervision leads to job satisfaction which in turn leads to
increased productivity
