What are the causes of edema?
- Imbalance between hydrostatic and osmotic pressure inside and outside vessels
- Venous obstruction, immobility, pregnancy, bad valves
- Increased capillary permeability
- Systemic diseases – DO NOT treat w/compression
The longer a wavelength, the ____ it penetrates
The deeper it penetrates
What is power?
The rate of energy flow, mW
What are the effects of lasers and light?
- Promote ATP production by mitochondria
- Promote collagen production by fibroblasts
- Modulate inflammation
- Inhibit bacterial growth
What are the clinical indications for laser and light?
- Soft tissue and bone healing
- Arthritis
- Lymphedema
- Neurological conditions
- Pain management
What are the contraindications of laser and light?
- Direct radiation of eyes; patients and clinicians should wear provided goggles
- Malignancy
- Within 4-6 months after radiotherapy
- Hemorrhage
- Thyroid or other endocrine glands
What are the precautions of laser and light?
- Low back or abdomen during pregnancy
- Epiphyseal plates in children
- Impaired sensation
- Impaired mentation
- Photophobia/light sensitivity
- Pretreatment with photosensitizer
What are the adverse effects of laser and light?
- Exposure of eyes to laser can cause retinal damage
- Transient tingling
- Mild erythema
- Rash
- Burning sensation
- Increased pain/numbness
- Burns from war diode
What are some other options for superficial heat?
- IR lamp
- Fluidotherapy
____ is an electromagnetic radiation within range that gives rise to heat when absorbed
IR lamp
IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to ____ to skin surface as possible
IR lamp needs to be imparted as close to perpendicular to skin surface as possible
In an IR lamp, the intensity of radiation reaching target changes in proportion to ____
The inverse square of the distance
___ is a dry heating agent that transfers heat via convection, and allows patients to perform AROM while being heated at the same time
Fluidotherapy
What is the temperature range for fluidotherapy?
110-120
____ provides sensory stimulation in addition for the benefits of heat
Fluidotherapy
What is iontophoresis?
The transcutaneous delivery of ions into the body using low amplitude direct current to insure unidirectional flow of the ions
How are ions created in iontophoresis?
Ions are created by dissolving an intended drug or chemical compound that must be ionized, stable in condition, not altered by electrical current and small or moderate in size
The tissue treated by iontophoresis should be ___
Should be relatively small, superficial and localized
What is the purpose of iontophoresis?
Alternative to phonophoresis, oral, and injection methods of drug delivery
How is the current density of iontophoresis calculated?
Current amplitude/ surface area of delivery electrode
What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is negative?
Less than or equal to 0.5
What is the maximum current density when the delivery electrode is positive?
Less than or equal to 1
How is the dose calculated for iontophoresis?
Intensity x time
What is the typical range of dosage of iontophoresis?
40-80 mA min
