What is COPD?
A progressive lung disease causing chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
Two main types of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
Main cause of COPD?
Smoking
What is Chronic Bronchitis?
A long-term condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchi to excess mucus + inflammation → airway obstruction.
What Emphysema?
A chronic condition characterized by destruction of the alveoli → decreased gas exchange.
What happens to airflow in COPD?
Air gets trapped due to narrowed airways and loss of lung elasticity.
Why is CO₂ retention common in COPD?
Inadequate ventilation.
Major risk factors for COPD?
Smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure.
Genetic risk factor for COPD?
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Classic COPD symptoms?
Chronic cough, sputum, dyspnea.
Why do patients develop a barrel chest?
Chronic lung hyperinflation.
Late signs of COPD?
Weight loss, fatigue, cyanosis.
Why is dyspnea worse on exertion?
Increased oxygen demand.
Main medication classes for COPD?
Bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids.
Why is oxygen used cautiously?
Risk of suppressing hypoxic drive.
Best non-drug therapy?
Smoking cessation.
Priority nursing diagnosis in COPD?
Impaired gas exchange.
Best breathing technique?
Pursed-lip breathing.
Best patient positioning?
Upright or tripod position.
Nutrition intervention?
Small, frequent, high-calorie meals.
Primary goal of COPD management?
Improve quality of life and prevent exacerbations.
Why is energy conservation important?
Reduces oxygen demand.
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Week 1: Heart Failure25
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Week 2: Coronary Artery Disease27
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Week 3: Diabetes Mellitus34
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Week 4: COPD22
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Week 5: Asthma19
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Week 6: Pneumonia23
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Week 8: MSK - Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis23
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Week 9: NEURO- Delirium, Dementia19
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Week 11: Head Injury and Stroke0
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Week 12: Seizures20
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Week 13: Hyper & Hypothyroidism31
