What is pharmacology?
the study/science of drugs
What is pharmaceutics?
preparing and dispensing drugs
What oral forms of drugs are absorbed fastest? (fastest to slowest)
-buccal and sublingual
-liquids and syrups
-capsules
-tablets
-enteric-coated tablets
What are extended release tablets utilized?
-release drug molecules over prolonged period of time
-prolong drug absorption
-improve compliance/reduce # of dosages
What are we at risk for if we crush or chew extended release tablets?
Toxicity
How do drug orders identify if it is extended release?
-CR, SA, XL, XT, CD, TR, ER, & LA
What is pharmacokinetics?
the study of drug movement through the body
What are the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics?
-ADME: Absorption; Distribution; Metabolism; Excretion
What are the three routes for absorption?
-enteral
-parenteral
-topical
What are factors that affect absorption?
-acidity
-age
-diet/food
What does enteral consist of?
-oral
-GI tract
What does parenteral consist of?
-IM
-IV
-SUBQ
What does topical consist of?
-ointment
-gel
-patch
-drops
-inhaler
What is bioavailability?
extent of drug absorption
What is the first-pass effect?
-when the concentration of the drug is reduced significantly
-drugs are metabolized to less active for by the liver
What occurs during pharmacokinetic distribution?
-transport of drug from bloodstream to site
-unbound drugs are free to distribute and reach site
What happens to drugs bound to plasma proteins?
they are pharmacologically inactive
When does elimination start?
when drugs enter the bloodstream (primarily liver and kidneys)
What organ is mostly responsible for pharmacokinetic metabolism?
Liver
What does pharmacokinetic metabolism convert drugs into?
-water-soluble molecules (preparation for excretion)
-inactive metabolite
-less active metabolite
-more potent metabolite (prodrug)
What organ is primarily responsible for excretion?
Kidney
What are some drugs that do not go through the first pass effect?
-orally disintegrating tablets (ODT)
-oral soluble films
-sublingual
-buccal
-some rectal
Why do some oral drugs not go through first pass effect?
the oral cavity is highly vascularized
What is the onset of action?
time for the drug to start physiologic response
