What can be impaired in any LDs?
Inhibition (focusing)
Switching (detecting change and flexibility changing)
Sustaining over time (staying on tasks)
Environmental variables
Background knowledge, home literacy practices, book-sharing strategies, exposure to literate language use
Child/school/parent input
Presence of a diagnosis
Cognitive variables
Attention (inhibition, activation), memory (storage, capacity) relates to executive functioning and self-regulation
Linguistic variables
Phonology, morphology, semantics, syntax
Pragmatics: joint attention, perspective-taking
Phonological awareness, morphological awareness, vocab, literate use of academic discourse, metalinguistic knowledge
What are the three profiles?
Developmental
Learning
Phenotypic
What are the five domains of development?
- Cognitive and memory
- Oral language
- Sensory and motor
- Social and emotional
- Attention and executive function
What is in the learning profile?
Description of academic/learning strengths and weaknesses/areas of improvement
Performance in specific tasks/subjects in school
Performance within language sub-systems that support reading and writing
Portfolio samples and standardized/naturalistic language testing
What is in the phenotypic profile
Genotype - genetic composition
Phenotype - brain study data
OWL-LD
Developmental Profile
- Preschool Hx of oral language delays (maybe late talker/late comprehender)
- Persisting oral/written language issues
- All other domains are typical
Learning Profile
- Impaired reading comprehension, vocab, sentence level, and inferencing
- Impaired test composition
- Similar impairments to dyslexia
Phenotype Profile-
- Impaired morphological coding, syntactic coding, word retrieval, and listening comprehension
- Same impairments as dyslexia
Dyslexia
Developmental Profile
- First signs in Kindergarten and 1st grade
- Word decoding, word reading, word spelling, and text composition are impaired
Learning Profile
- Impaired phonological and orthographic coding
- Impaired phonological and orthographic loops (working memory and encoding and decoding)
- Difficulty with finger sequencing
Dysgraphia
Developmental Profile
- First signs in Kindergarten and 1st grade
- Handwriting, letter formation, and automaticity of retrieval of ordered letters from memory impaired
- Spelling impaired
- Text composition affected
Learning Profile
- Impaired receptive/expressive orthographic coding
- Impaired orthographic loops
- Impaired sequential finger movements
