1
Q
scene
A
acted within
2
Q
object
A
acted upon
3
Q
what do scenes contain?
A
- background elements
- objects organized in meaningful ways with each other and the background
4
Q
Mary Potter experiment
A
- participants were given a target to find
- shown the objects of target followed by a rapid amount of scenes
5
Q
What did Mary Potter’s experiment find?
A
were are able to perceive the gists of scenes even when a picture is only presented for 1/4 seconds
6
Q
Li Fei-Fei experiment
A
used masking to show that the overall gist is perceived first followed by details
7
Q
masking
A
a stimulus that is shown right after initial stimulus to prevent/reduce imprinting time
8
Q
What did Fei-Fei’s experiment demonstrate?
A
we are able to make out the gist of a scene in as little as 60 ms
9
Q
global image features of scenes
A
circumstances that allow us to perceive the gist of a scene holistically
10
Q
What are the types of global image features?
A
- degree of naturalness
- degree of openness
- degree of roughness
- degree of expansion
- color
11
Q
degree of naturalness
A
how natural is the scene?
12
Q
degree of openness
A
is the scene open or are there objects
13
Q
degree of roughness
A
related to texture
14
Q
degree of expansion
A
is scene going beyond the scope of our visual field
15
Q
regularities
A
things that occur all the time, therefore, we are better able to perceive them
16
Q
physical regularities
A
regularly occurring physical properties
17
Q
What are the 3 physical regularities?
A
- oblique effect
- uniform connectedness
- light-from-above heuristic
18
Q
oblique effect
A
people perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
19
Q
uniform connectedness
A
- objects are defined by areas of the same color/texture
- we group and segregate appropriately
20
Q
light-from-above heuritstic
A
- light in natural environment comes from above
- affects the way we perceive direction, angles, etc
21
Q
semantic regularities
A
relates to meaning of a scene
22
Q
Palmer experiment
A
- observers saw a context scene which was briefly followed by target pictures
- prompted to correctly identify each stimuli
23
Q
What were the results to Palmer’s experiment?
A
- target congruent with the context were identified 80% of the time
- targets incongruent were only identified 40% of the time
24
Q
Torrallba experiment
A
- an image of a blurred object is difficult to identify
- putting the “blob” in a context scene makes it easier to perceive and identify
- relates to semantic regularities
25
theory of unconscious inference
created by Helmholtz to explain why stimuli can be interpreted in more than one way
26
likelihood principle
objects are perceived based on what is most likely to have caused the pattern
27
Grill-Spector Experiment
monitored FFA in participants while showing one of each stimuli per trial (Harrison Ford, random face, random texture) for 50 ms followed by random-pattern mask
28
What were the results of the Grill-Spector experiment?
- FFA was greatest when Ford stimuli was correctly identified
- less activity in FFA when stimuli was identified as something else
- little FFA response when a face was not identified
29
What would occur if an optic nerve was damaged?
information from right eye would be cut off
30
What would occur if an optic chiasm was damaged?
left visual field would be lost
31
What two aspects are able to disrupt the development of vision?
- depth perception
- binocular rivalry
32
depth perception
- slightly different input from each eye
- this allows us to perceive distance
33
binocular rivalry
- brain is unable to perceive two different inputs from each eye
- we usually "switch off" and images do not fuse
34
Sheinberg and Logothesis experiment
- used primates to show physiological process of binocular rivalry
- monkey was shown two images (one for each eye: butterfly and sunburst)
- recorded neuron in IT cortex
35
What were the results of the Sheinbergy and Logothetis experiment?
the neuron in the IT cortex responded most to the butterfly
36
Tong et. al experiment
- used binocular rivalry experiment with house and face
- participant pushed button to indicate perception
37
What were the results of the Tong experiment?
fMRI showed an increase in activity in
- parahippocampal place area for house
- FFA for face
38
Kamitani and Tong experiment
- carried on Tong study but with regards to gradings of different orientations
- responses from fMRI voxels were measured
- able to determine a particular patter of voxel activity attributed to each type of grading orientation
39
What was the orientation decorder able to do?
analyzed voxel activity and able to accurately predict which orientation had been presented
40
structural and semantic encoding experiment
- different types of imagery shown to determine pattern of voxel activity
- decoder matches target image but did not do a good job at matching structural elements
- semantic information allowed decoder to do a much better job at predicting
41
fusiform face area (FFA)
responds only to faces
42
t/f: inverted and upside down faces are much harder to perceive that inverted cars
true
43
t/f: there is low recognition performance when a low negative face is presented
true
44
t/f: there is a high recognition performance when the face is negative and the eyes are positive
true
45
t/f: recognition performance is at its highest when a full-positive face is presented
true
46
amygdala
activated by emotional aspects of face
47
superior temporal sulcus (STS)
responds to where the person is looking and to mouth movements
48
frontal cortex (FC)
activated when evaluating facial attractiveness
49
Newborn vision experiment
- presented 3 types of visual stimuli to babies who were just born
- measured interest by recording rotation of eyes
- stimulus with face like features had highest response
- stimulus with no features got lowest response
50
toddler vision experiment
1-2 year olds were given 2 types of stimuli and were prompted to choose a preference between the two
51
What were the results for toddler vision experiment?
- preference for upright face over upside down face
- preference for top-heavy configuration over bottom-heavy
- no distinct preference for either upright or top-heavy configuration faces
52
What do the results of the toddler vision experiment suggest?
infants can recognize faces to an extent
psyc 102
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
-
week 1 - intro to sensory neuroscience11
-
week 1 - continued55
-
week 2 - resting potential and action potential30
-
week 3 - anatomy of the eye + photoreceptors46
-
week 3 - lateral inhibition12
-
week 3 - lateral inhibition + receptive fields20
-
week 4 - feature detectors17
-
week 4 - visual pathways39
-
week 5 - laws of visual organization22
-
week 5 - perceiving objects and scenes52
-
week 5 - visual attention16
-
week 6 - perception and action41
-
week 7 - motion perception43
-
week 7 - perception of color24
-
week 7/8 - color and light constancy34
-
week 8 - anatomy of the ear40
-
week 9 - audition: hearing and the brain34
-
week 9 - somatosensation17
-
exam 9 - pain and pleasure22
-
week 10 - taste28
-
week 10 - smell33
