third party effect
people think others more vulnerable to fake news
affective polarization
animosity between the parties
-Democrats and Republicans both say that the other party’s members are hypocritical, selfish, and closed-minded, and they are unwilling to socialize across party lines.
3 possible interventions for affective polarization
Self-selected personalization
explicit user choice of channel, settings
Pre-selected personalization
algorithmic choice of content based on prior choices
cleavage
A societal division mobilized as a political conflict
originating from a historical clash
3 features of populist communication style