Week 7

Question 1

Label stages

Answer 1

Question 2

What are the 6 core tasks for movement?

Answer 2

Question 3

Explain why when the left leg moves forward, the acetabulum moves anteriorly in transverse plane

Answer 3

Question 4

Explain each step

Answer 4

Question 5

What is the position of the vertebra in lordosis/kyphosis?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is a functional vertebral unit?

Answer 6

Question 7

What are the main anterior, middle, and posterior structures?

Answer 7

Question 8

Label

Answer 8

Question 9

What are the levels of upper and lower cervical spine?

Answer 9

Question 10

What are the cervical motions?

Answer 10

Question 11

How many facets are in the cervical vertebra (C3-C6)?

Answer 11

10
2 superior, 2 inferior, 4 costal (ribs), 2 uncinate (curved)

Question 12

What is this? Motions?

Answer 12

Atlas (C1)

Question 13

What is this? Motions?

Answer 13

Atlanto-axial joint (C1-2) Motions: medial/lateral rotation, shaking head “no”, 50% of the total rotation of the entire cervical spine

Question 14

Label

Answer 14

Question 15

What are the main atlanto-occipital ligaments (C0-1)?

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the main atlanto-axial ligaments (C1-2)?

Answer 16

Question 17

Which ligaments provide stability in the upper cervical spine by limiting rotation?

Answer 17

(When Alar is affected, it increases vulnerability to spinal cord or vertebral artery)

Alar ligament
Apical ligament
Transverse ligament

Question 18

Label

Answer 18

Question 19

Label

Answer 19

Question 20

List the ligaments and their roles for the lower cervical spine C2-7

Answer 20

• Intertransverse ligament: connects one transverse process to another. Provides stability in the transverse plane
• Longitudinal Ligament (ALL): Runs along the anterior vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, limiting excessive extension.
• Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL): Runs along the posterior vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, limiting excessive flexion.
• Ligamentum Flavum: Connects adjacent laminae, providing elastic recoil after flexion and preventing excessive motion.
• Interspinous Ligament: Connects adjacent spinous processes, resisting excessive flexion.
• Supraspinous Ligament: Runs along the tips of the spinous processes and provides further resistance to excessive flexion.
• Nuchal Ligament (Ligamentum Nuchae): A thickened continuation of the supraspinous ligament in the cervical region. It serves as a strong midline attachment for muscles and provides postural support, resisting hyperflexion.
• Facet Joint Capsules: Surround the facet (zygapophyseal) joints and limit excessive motion while guiding movement.

Question 21

List the ligaments and their roles for C0-C1

Answer 21

The main ligaments supporting this joint are:
* Anterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane (AO Membrane): A continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament, it limits excessive extension.
* Posterior Atlanto-Occipital Membrane (PO Membrane): A continuation of the ligamentum flavum, it limits excessive flexion.
* Tectorial Membrane: A continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament, it helps stabilize the craniovertebral junction.

Question 22

List the ligaments and their roles for C1-C2

Answer 22

The key stabilizing ligaments include:
* Transverse Ligament of the Atlas: Part of the cruciform ligament, it holds the dens of C2 against the anterior arch of C1, preventing anterior translation of C1.
* Alar Ligaments: Attach from the dens to the occipital condyles and limit excessive rotation.
* Tectorial Membrane: A continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament, providing additional stability.

Question 23

List the ligaments and their roles for C0-C2

Answer 23

• Alar Ligaments: Connect the dens of C2 to the occipital condyles, limiting excessive rotation and lateral flexion.
• Apical Ligament: Connects the tip of the dens to the occipital bone, providing minor stability.
• Transverse Ligament (Part of Cruciform Ligament): Restricts excessive anterior displacement of C1 over C2.

Question 24

How many nerve roots exit from the cervical spine?

Answer 24

8

Question 25

Explain joint coupling

Answer 25

Question 26

Explain upper cervical coupling

Answer 26

Question 27

Explain

Answer 27

Question 28

What are the movements of the vertebra in C3-7?

Answer 28

Question 29

Explain lower cervical coupling

Answer 29

Question 30

Where does the vertebral artery pass?

Answer 30

The vertebral artery passes through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae from C6 to C1. After exiting the C1 (atlas) transverse foramen, it courses medially and posteriorly across the posterior arch of the atlas within the vertebral groove (sulcus arteriae vertebralis). It then enters the foramen magnum of the skull to join the contralateral vertebral artery, forming the basilar artery in the brainstem. This pathway is clinically significant because compression or occlusion of the vertebral artery (e.g., from cervical osteophytes, trauma, or excessive cervical rotation) can lead to vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI), causing dizziness, vertigo, or even stroke-like symptoms.

Question 31

Explain the motion, cervical flexion

Answer 31

Question 32

Explain the motion, cervical extension

Answer 32

Question 33

Explain the motion, cervical rotation

Answer 33

Question 34

Explain the motion, cervical sidebend

Answer 34

Question 35

Which of these motions (flexion, extension, right sidebend, right rotation) is available in C0-1, C1-2, C2-7?

Answer 35

Question 36

How many facets are in the thoracic spine?

Answer 36

Question 37

Label

Answer 37

Question 38

Where does the diaphragm attach? What innervates it?

Answer 38

Question 39

What are some factors that affect the biomechanics of the ribcage?

Answer 39

Question 40

What are the prime movers and accessory muscles of ventilation?

Answer 40

Question 41

What is the diaphragm shaped like?

Answer 41

a parachute (it flattens when flexed)

Question 42

List the main muscles of inspiration and expiration

Answer 42

Question 43

What are these examples of?

Answer 43

Common ares where muscle knots develop

Question 44

What is the movement of the sternum during ventilation?

Answer 44

Question 45

How do the thoracic ribs move during flexion/extension?

Answer 45

Question 46

How does gas exchange happen?

Answer 46

Question 47

What are some common pathologies that affect the rib cage?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is this? How does it affect facet joints and gross movement patterns?

Answer 48

Scoliosis: Defined by side of the convexity Affects contralateral lung volume Effect on facet joints: Scoliosis alters the alignment and loading of the facet joints, leading to asymmetrical stress and degenerative changes over time. On the concave side, the facet joints experience compression, which can lead to increased wear, restricted mobility, and potential joint degeneration. Conversely, the convex side undergoes gapping, which can cause ligamentous strain and instability. This asymmetry disrupts the normal biomechanics of thoracic motion, potentially leading to facet joint irritation, pain, and compensatory adaptations in adjacent spinal regions. Effect in gross movement pattern: Scoliosis affects gross movement patterns by altering spinal mechanics, ribcage mobility, and muscle balance. The curvature creates asymmetrical rotation, where the thoracic spine is rotated toward the convex side, impacting trunk movement efficiency. This rotation leads to restricted thoracic flexion and extension, uneven lateral flexion, and compensatory movements in the lumbar and cervical regions. Over time, these movement dysfunctions can result in impaired posture, reduced functional mobility, and compensatory overuse of muscles, increasing the risk of pain and movement inefficiency in daily activities.

Question 49

What are the bio mechanic effects of COPD?

Answer 49

Question 50

Explain

Answer 50

Question 51

Label

Answer 51

Barrel chest

Question 52

Give examples on how to train your diaphragm?

Answer 52

Question 53

What are the distinguishing features of the lumbar spine?

Answer 53

Question 54

Label

Answer 54

Question 55

What parts of the vertebra are affected during flexion, extension, and lateral flexion?

Answer 55

Question 56

Explain

Answer 56

Question 57

Explain

Answer 57

Question 58

Explain lumbo-pelvic rhythm

Answer 58

Question 59

Explain

Answer 59

Question 60

Explain the ipsi directional and contra directional aspects of lumbo pelvic rhythm

Answer 60

Question 61

Give an example of ipsi directional and contra directional aspects of lumbo pelvic rhythm

Answer 61

Question 62

What is the motion of the pelvis in erect standing?

Answer 62

Question 63

Explain nutation and counter nutation

Answer 63

Question 64

When is lumbo pelvic rhythm seen?

Answer 64

Lumbo-pelvic rhythm is seen after ~70 degrees of trunk fwd. flexion and describes relationship of pelvis and lumbar spine during this movement.

Question 65

What is the coupling motion in T5-T12?

Answer 65

Question 66

What is this?

Answer 66

Question 67

Explain thoracic rotation T5-T12

Answer 67

Question 68

What are the lumbar region coupling theories?

Answer 68

Question 69

Explain lumbar sidebend/lateral flexion

Answer 69

Question 70

Explain lumbar rotation

Answer 70

Question 71

What are the main trunk and core muscles?

Answer 71

Question 72

What is the order of the abdominal muscles from superficial to deep?

Answer 72

Question 73

What are the quadrants?

Answer 73

Question 74

What is the origin/insertion of the transverse abdominis?

Answer 74

Question 75

Label

Answer 75

Question 76

What are the muscle layers of the spine?

Answer 76

Question 77

Label

Answer 77

Question 78

Label

Answer 78

Question 79

What are the pelvic floor muscles?

Answer 79

Question 80

What directions should the core be screened?

Answer 80

Question 81

What separates the thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity?

Answer 81

diaphragm

Question 82

How is intra-abdominal pressure created?

Answer 82

Question 83

Explain intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 83

Question 84

How dies this relate to rotators?

Answer 84

Question 85

Explain

Answer 85

Question 86

What structure helps control intra-abdominal pressure?

Answer 86

Question 87

Briefly explain bending and coupling forces

Answer 87

Question 88

A patient with right hip osteoarthritis is asking if he can use a cane to ambulate. Which side should they be using their cane? Why?

Answer 88

A patient with right hip osteoarthritis should use a cane on the left (unaffected) side to reduce joint stress, improve balance, and enhance gait efficiency. Using the cane on the opposite side decreases compressive forces on the right hip, reducing pain and load during walking. It also provides external support to the right gluteus medius, minimizing the risk of pelvic drop and reducing muscle strain. Additionally, this placement aligns with the body’s natural gait pattern, improving stability. For optimal use, the cane should move with the left leg, and its height should align with the wrist when standing.

Question 89

Explain hip abductor mechanism (frontal plane stability)

Answer 89

Question 90

During the initial 5-10 degrees of "unlocking" or moving from fully extended to flexed knee position in standing position, the femur moves in which direction? (reverse screw home mechanism)

Answer 90

Laterally and anteriorly

Question 91

The screw home and reverse screw home describe primary motions in which plane of motion?

Answer 91

Transverse

Question 92

In the last 5 degrees of knee extension what type of contraction does the popletius do?

Answer 92

Eccentric contraction