Week 7-8 Study Guide

Question 1

Blood is composed of

Answer 1

1. Plasma. 55%
2. Formed elements
   - Erythrocytes RBCs. 45%
   - Leukocytes - WBCs. bottom 2 = 1%
   - Platelets (cell fragments) (thrombicytes- clotting)

Question 2

What is Hematocrit?

Answer 2

The percentage of Blood Volume that is RBCs

Normal range for:
Males = 47%
Females = 42%

+- 5 %

Question 3

Formed Elements

Answer 3

RBCs
WBCs
Platelets

Question 4

Characteristics of Blood

Answer 4

1. Temp = 38 degrees celsius
2. PH = 7.35-7.45
3. Volume
   -males = 5-6 L
   -females = 4-5 L

Question 5

Functions of Blood

Answer 5

1. Delivery - oxygen nutrients
2. Removal - metabolic waste CO2
3. Transport (hormone)
4. Regulation (temp - buffer = pH)
   water has high heat capacity, pH regulation
5. Protection (platelets, WBCs)
   immune function
   blood clotting

Question 6

Plasma = 90% water

Answer 6

Proteins mostly produced by the liver (solutes)
1. 60% Albumin (osm pressure)
2. 36% globulins (immunity)
3. 4% fibrinogen (clotting)

Question 7

Plasma also holds

Answer 7

1. Nitrogenous waste of metabolism - lactic acid, urea, creatinine
2. Nutrients (glucose, CH, AA, Lipids,
3. Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca2+, CL-, HCO3- (present in Intracellular fluid
4. Respiratory gases - O2 & CO2
5. Hormones

Question 8

Formed Elements

Answer 8

1. Only WBCs are complete cells
2. RBCs no organelles
3. Platelets = cell fragments (thrombocytes)
4. most formed elements survive days - short-lived
5. Most blood cells are made in bone marrow and amitotic (cannot repair or replace themselves)

Question 9

Characteristics of Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 9

1. Biconcave (increased SA relative to Volume)
2. anucleate (no nucleus)
3. no organelles
4. Hemoglobin

They do need mitochondria but make it aneorobically

Question 10

Hemoglobin contains

Answer 10

4 proteins, 4 heme (iron) pigments (red)

Four O2 to every Hb

~280 million hB in one cell

~33% of cells weight

Question 11

RBC structure and function

Answer 11

Biconcave shape - SA to V ratio

No Mitochondria - make ATP anaerobically

No self-repair - live ~120 days

Question 12

Oxyhemoglobin

Answer 12

When oxygen binds to hemoglobin it is called oxyhemoglobin

Ruby Red (high O2)

Lungs - O2 gets picked up
Arteries goes all through the system until oxygen gets to delivered to the tissues

Then returns to heart

Question 13

Deoxyhemoglobin

Answer 13

Blood has delivered oxygen
Veins -

Color is dark red (low O2)

Blood returns from capillaries of tissues
Back to the heart
Then pumped to the lungs

Question 14

Carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 14

What happens when Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin

Carries 20% of Carbin dioxide in blood.

Question 15

Erythropoiesis

Answer 15

Formation of RBCs
Happens in the bone marrow

Question 16

Kidney monitors change in oxygen delivery

Answer 16

1. Low O2 –>
2. kidney release enzyme POTEIN –>
3. Renal erythropoietin factor (REF) (protein gets into the blood)
4. REF converts plasma proteins into a hormone called erythropoietin will go to the bone marrow to stimulate –>
5. RBC production

Question 17

Carbon Monoxide - deadly

Answer 17

1. Oxygen and Carbon dioxide combine to hemoglobin
2. Carbon monoxide binds 200x more tightly, with greater affinity to hemoglobin than oxygen does
3. Stronger and no smell

Oxygen binds and unbinds
Carbon monoxide binds and will not let go

Question 18

Leukocytes make up how much of total blood volume?

Answer 18

< 1%

Question 19

Function of Leukocytes

Answer 19

• Diapedesis - cell crawling - movement

Phagocytosis - cellular eating

Question 20

5 Leukocyte types, 2 categories

Have appearance of cytoplasm and nucleus

Answer 20

Granular - phils
1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Agranular - cytes
1. Lymphocytes
2. Monocytes

Question 21

Neutrophils

Answer 21

1. Tissue damage
2. Leave capillaries
3. by diapedesis
4. and phagocytic

Question 22

Eosinophils (all vowels)

Answer 22

1. make antihistamine (undoes histamine-inflammation)
2. Combat allergens
3. leave capillaries (diapedesis)
4. phagocytic

Take a dose of eosinophils to get a boost and fight allergens

Question 23

Basophils. (BHH)

Answer 23

1. Produce heparin (prevents blood clotting)
2. Histamine (inflammation chemical)
   (cause reactions to occur)
3. Leave capillaries

Allergic Reaction

Question 24

Lymphocytes

Answer 24

Produces antibodies

T-cells = thymus
B-cells = bone marrow

Question 25

Monocytes

Answer 25

phagocytic cells

Question 26

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Answer 26

1. less numerous than RBC 2. Larger than RBCs 3. Has Nucleus 4. Combats (provides immunity) 5. Shorter life - soldier hard worker 6. Several kinds -neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes 7. independent movement (diapedesis)

Question 27

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 27

1. Huge numbers 2. Smaller than WBCS (no nucleus) 3. Anucleate (no nucleus) 4. Carry Oxygen 5. Lives 3-4 months 6. one kind 7. No independent movement (only moves because the heart pumps)

Question 28

Platelets - Thrombocytes

Answer 28

Not cells - they are cell fragments 1. Large non-specialized cells in bone marrow that divide and divide and form MEGAKARYOCYTE 2. when the megakaryocyte ruptures it becomes a HEMOCYTOBLASTS (important in blood clotting) 3. Becomes a Thrombocyte

Question 29

Antigens are proteins/glycoproteins that are...

Answer 29

1. cell markers that flag "I am one of your cells"

Question 30

Antibodies are made through

Answer 30

Immune action to attack and disable foreign antigens In blood typing, there has to be a first exposure

Question 31

Transfusion reaction

Answer 31

interaction between foreign blood antigens and antibodies

Question 32

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 32

Treatable with the shot - RhoGam Anti-RH (RH-) not normally present, unless first exposed Father RH+ Mother Rh- Baby is RH+. (second one mother reacts to the antibodies of the RH factor of the mother

Question 33

Anemia

Answer 33

too little RBCs

Question 34

Polycythemia

Answer 34

Too many RBCs

Question 35

5 types of Anemia

Answer 35

1. hemorrhagic - blood loss 2. aplastic - marrow problem 3. pernicious - B12 deficiency 4. Hemolytic - destruction 5. Iron deficiency - dietary

Question 36

Hemorrhagic anemia

Answer 36

due to blood loss

Question 37

Aplastic anemia

Answer 37

due to lack of production of RBCs at the bone marrow

Question 38

Pernicious anemia

Answer 38

B12 deficiency. (no animal eating)

Question 39

Hemolytic anemia

Answer 39

due to RBCs undergoing too rapid of a breakdown

Question 40

Iron deficiency (form of anemia)

Answer 40

Lack of iron in diet

Question 41

Polycythemia conditions

Answer 41

increased number of RBCs 1. Bone marrow cancer - high # but low function 2. Blood doping. (increase hematocrit value to increase oxygen in blood 4.3-5.8 million

Question 42

Leukopenia

Answer 42

Abnormally low WBC count could be drug-induced Immune suppression Organ transplant

Question 43

Leukopenias are forms of

Answer 43

Leukemia - high #of WBCs but functionality is low 1. Cancerous conditions 2. Incomplete, immature WBCs production - cannot clot -low oxygen delivery - cannot stop bleeding - infection 3. Fatality - infection or internal hemorrhage (low platelet production Death due to secondary infection or hemorrhage low RBC production as well

Question 44

Leukocytosis

Answer 44

infection, WBC count is high 1. Mononucleosis Viral Mono & Lymphocytes elevated 2. Infection Elevated Neutrophils

Question 45

Blood clotting HOMEOSTASIS

Answer 45

1. Vascular spasm platelets release prostaglandins --> vasoconstriction 2. Platelet plug formation - negatively charged collagen attracts platelets containing myosin and actin - Bind & Contract 3. Coagulation - damaged cells --> releasing thromboplastin interacts with clotting factors and calcium - plasma protein "Prothrombin" --> thrombin - Thrombin enzyme converts globular fibrinogen to insoluble stringy fibrin - Thrombin also causes fibrin to link together plugging the break - Fibrin reinforces platelet plug

Question 46

Thrombus

Answer 46

Blood clot that is stationary

Question 47

Embolus

Answer 47

Blood clot that is on the move

Question 48

Big issue of clots

Answer 48

Obstruction try low dose aspirin Heparin - anticoagulant Warfarin AKA dicumeral