Week 7 Flashcards

Question

Performance-approach goals - Achievement

Answer 1

► Motivation to attain a goal | ► To meet a socially defined standard

Answer 2

► Motivation to avoid failure | ► Particularly when publicly observable

Answer 3

► Motivation to increase competence, mastery, or skill on a specific task

Answer 4

An evaluative response to a situation that typically involves: Physiological arousal Subjective experience Behavioural or emotional expression

Answer 5

- Universal emotions common to human species - Similar to primary colours in perception – all other emotions & emotional blends are derived from these - Most classifications include 5 – 9 basic emotions - Ekman identified six cross-cultural emotions

Answer 6

- happy - sad - fear - anger - surprise - disgust

Answer 7

When we are situations that induce emotions, we tend to become physiologically aroused ► e.g. muscle tension, fast heart rate, sweaty palms But what comes first? ► The experience of the emotion or the arousal? ► Does fear come before a pounding heart? Or is it the other way around?

Answer 8

Stimulus -> Emotion -> Arousal

Answer 9

Stimulus -> Arousal -> Emotion

Answer 10

Stimulus -> Brain Activity -> Arousal + Emotion

Answer 11

- Emphasised cognitive appraisals - Appraisal of situation to identify emotion - Physiological changes due to lots of different situations - Cognitively appraise context of situation to label physiological responses as reflecting a particular emotion - Physiological arousal not tied to specific emotions

Answer 12

Emotional experience varies in intensity ► e.g. content vs. happy vs. ecstatic Individuals differ in emotional intensity ► Extreme upper-end of bell curve: severe personality disorders, emotions spiral out of control ► Extreme lower-end of bell curve: people who do not appear to have emotional states, indifferent -> Alexithymia: inability to recognise own feelings

Answer 13

Positive affect: pleasant emotions (e.g. happiness) ► We usually try to pursue these emotions Negative affect: unpleasant emotions (e.g. sadness, anxiety) ► We usually try to avoid these emotions Within these two factors, emotions are usually correlated► People who experience one negative emotion (e.g. sadness) tend to also experience others (e.g. anxiety, guilt) - Individual differ in emotional experience & preference for emotions

Answer 14

► Holocaust survivors spoke for 2 hours about their experiences ► More expressed emotion -> better health over a year later

Answer 15

► Patients with painful arthritis spoke into tape recorder about stressful or trivial events ► Speaking about stressful events -> better emotional/physical shape three months later ► More unpleasant emotion while speaking about stressful events -> less painful joints three months later

Answer 16

``` Different ways emotion can be expressed: ► Facial expressions ► Posture ► Gestures ► Tone of voice ```

Answer 17

- We can assess both valence (positive vs. negative) & intensity of emotion by detecting facial muscle movements - Facial expression can not only indicate, but also influence emotional experience (Ekman et al., 1993) ► When people imitate positive & negative expressions, their emotions tend to change accordingly

Answer 18

Efforts to control emotional states People can regulate emotions before or after they occur ► Reframe meaning of event beforehand -> less upsetting ► Suppress emotion after event -> relatively ineffective Gender differences: ► Men often inhibit fear & sadness ► Women often inhibit anger

Answer 19

People who express positive emotion usually have better social outcomes than people who do not EXCEPT when winning ► Non-expressive winners evaluated more positively & more likely to be befriended compared to expressive winners (Kalokerinos et al., 2014)

Answer 20

``` Happiness is NOT related to: ► Gender ► Age ► Attractiveness Happiness is related to: ► Living in a democracy ► Culture (individualist happier than collectivist) ► Social connections ► Strong religious faith ► Money? ```

Week 7 Flashcards

(44 cards)