diabetes mellitus
deficit un insulin secretion from beta cells or lack of response by cells to insulin.
insulin deficit= decreased excretion and insulin resistance
what happens with insulin deficit
the transport of glucose and amino acids into cell are impaired thus synthesis of protein and glycogen is impaired as well as affecting lipid metabolism
diabetes type 1
pancreatic beta cells are destroyed in an autoimmune reaction. insulin replacement required. (not linked to obesity)
diabetes type 2
caused by decreased production of insulin by beta cells and/or increased resistance by body cells to insulin (mature onset, associated with obesity)
hypoglycemia (hypoglycemic shock)
low blood sugar, often sudden following strenuous exercise, vomiting, or skipping a meal after insulin (DM 1)
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
result of insufficient insulin in blood and high glucose levels in blood. may be initiated by stress or infection (DM 1)
early signs of DKA
- hunger (polyphagia)
- Glucosuria (glucose in urine)
- Polyuria (excess urination)
- Thirst ( polydipsia)
- Weakness and weight loss ( because of loss of fluids and lack of glucose to cells)
progressive effects of DKA
- dehydration
- increasing hyperglycemia
- ketoacidosis
- coma
Hyperosmolar HyperglycemicNonketotic Coma (HHNK)
results from severe deyhdration and electrolyte imbalances (DM 2)
what is microangiopathy
Capillary basement membranes become thick and hard leading to occlusion or rupture resulting in tissue necrosis and loss of function in kidneys
what is neuropathy
the damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves.
S&S of neuropathy
impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness
macroangiopathy
A disease of the large blood vessels in which fat and blood clots build up and stick to the vessel walls, blocking the flow of blood
pituitary gland disorders
caused mainly by benign adenoma
cushing syndrome
caused by an excess level of glucocorticoids
symptoms of cushing syndrome
change in persons appearance, osteoporosis, metabolism changes, retension of sodium and water leading to hypertension, edema, hypokalemia
addisons disease
- Deficiency of adrenocorticoid secretions
- Autoimmune reaction is a common cause.
- Adrenal gland may be destroyed by hemorrhage or infection.
symtoms of addisons disease
- Decreased blood glucose levels
- Inadequate stress response
- Fatigue
- Weight loss, frequent infections
- Low serum sodium concentration
- Decreased blood volume
- Hypotension
- High potassium levels
oral anti diabetic drugs
Used for type 2 diabetes primarily but occasionally these drugs are used in advanced type 1 diabetes and rarely other indications
METFORMIN
glucose-elevating drugs
dextrose (glucose)
hypothyroidism symptoms
Cold intolerance Weight gain Depression Dry, brittle hair and nails Fatigue, hypersomnia Bradycardia Weakness Confusion/cognitive slowing Fluid retention others
hyperthyroidism
Diarrhea Flushing, sweating, heat intolerance Increased appetite Muscle weakness Sleep disorders Palpitations/A. Fib Nervousness, irritability Insomnia Altered menstruation Weight loss others
thyroid replacement drugs
replace what the thyroid gland cannot produce to achieve normal T3/T4 levels (euthyroid), they are hormones that directly turn on genes and have pleiotropic effects on almost every body system
