What are common causes of Upper airway respiratory infections?
tonsilitis pharyngitis laryngitis sinusitis otitis media common cold
What is the most frequent acute illness in the world?
Common cold
What is the main cause of the common cold?
rhinoviruses responsible for 30-50%
coronavirus 10 - 15%
What is the common cold?
infection of the mucous membranes of the resp tract
How many types of rhinovirusus and other virusus have been identified with the common cold
rhinovirus - 100 types
over 200 typoes of substrates
What are the causes of croup?
Para influenza, RSV
How does the cold and flu spread?
Droplet and contact
how does the flu work?
- virus enters resp tract
- virus starts to replicate. resp tract becomes swollen and inflammed
- once in resp tract, virus then enters bloodstream.
What are some complications secondary to the flu?
Chest infections
Pneumonia
Exacerbation of existing illness
What is an epidemic?
disease appears in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that exceeds what’s expected
What is a pandemic
an epidemic that spreads across a large region
What are some examples of pandemics?
swine flu SARS Zika virus HIV Ebola
What are symptoms of flu
fever chills sweats sore throat weakness headache muscle and joint pains non productive dry cough
What is the epidemiology of pneumonia?
commonly caused by bacterial infections but also viruses
- infection highest in developing nations
- in aust - 11th leading cause of death
- leading cause of death of children under 5 world wide
Define pneumonia
inflammatory process of functional lung tissue that is commonly caused by infectious agents
What are some differentail diagnosis for pneumonia?
Bronchitis
Chest infection
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary oedema
What are the 2 main types of pneumonia?
- Community aquired pneumonia
- Aspirational pneumonia
what are the predisposing factors of pneumonia?
- age (less than 4 and elderly)
- smoking
- immuno-suppression
- difficulty swallowing (stroke, dementia, parkinsonism etc)
- chronic lung disease
- other serious illnesses (heart/liver)
- recent cold, laryngitis or influenza
- frequent airway suctioning
what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?
- airborne pathogens released through coughing and sneezing
- on entering respiratory system first line of defence is coughing and mucociliary clearance
- second line of defence are macrophages in the alveoli. They only cope if virus is not virulent of bacteria is low
- next line is the immune system. inflammatory mediators and immune complexes damage bronchial mucous membranes and alveolo-capillary membranes. This causes terminal bronchi to fill with debris and pus
- the pus is a mixture of invading organisms, inflammatory cells, immunoglobulins and other immune mediators
what od you hear when listening to a chets of pneumia?
coars crackles- on insp and exp. can be unilateral
increased density - increased vocal femitus
decreased resonance on percussion
what are the FX of pneumonia on gas exchange?
Commonly hypoxix
- consolidated areas on lung behave like collapse forming a intrapulmonary shunt
- hypoxic vasoconstriction helps conmpensation
- get more severe hypoxia as initially vasoconstriction shunts blood, but then more inflammatory mediators move in, vasodilating, leading to increased hypoxia
what are some complications that can arise from pneumonia
- pleural effusion
- lung abscesses
- sepsis
- resp failure
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- empyema
What are the clinical presentations of pneumonia?
- cough
- dyspnea
- sputum production
- SOB
- fever
- malaise
- lethargy
- chest pain
- back pain
- tachycardia
- decreased spo2
what is whooping cough?
- an acute infectious disease
- bacterial infection - bordetella pertussis
- generally young children
