1
Q
what is a gyri
A
a fold
2
Q
what is a sulci
A
groove
3
Q
is the central sulcus continous with the lateral sulcus?
A
no
4
Q
what are the two sulcis in the frontal lobe?
A
superior and inferior sulcis
5
Q
what do the sulcis in the frontal lobe create?
A
superior, middle and inferior gyri
6
Q
what are the two sulcis in the temporal lobe?
A
superior and inferior sulcis
7
Q
what do the sulcis in the temporal lobe create?
A
superior, middle and inferior gyri
8
Q
which gyri in the temporal lobe is assoicated with auditory?
A
the superior gyri is the primary auditory cortex
9
Q
what seperates the parietal and frontal lobe?
A
central sulcus
10
Q
which sulcus seperates the temporal from parietal and frontal?
A
the lateral sulcus
11
Q
what sulcus dips into the medial surface of the brain?
A
the central sulcus still have pre and post central gyri on either side
12
Q
what is on either side of the central sulcus?
A
precentral gyrus on the frontal side and postcentral gyrus on the parietal side
13
Q
what seperates the parietal and occipital lobe and what plane can you see it?
A
parietooccipital sulcus –> medial plane
14
Q
what is the importance of the calacrine sulcus?
A
it seperates the occipital lobe into upper and lower banks that contain the primary visual cortex –> striate cortex
15
Q
what is the positioning of the limbic lobe?
A
C shape around the corpus callosum
16
Q
what is the limbic system?
A
containing regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour.
17
Q
what forms the shape of the limbic lobe?
A
the cingulate sulcus
18
Q
what does the cingulate sulcus form?
A
cingulate gyrus
19
Q
what seperates the corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus?
A
the callosal sulcus
20
Q
what is the cingulate gyrus continous with at the deep temporal lobe?
A
is the uncus
21
Q
where is the hippocampus found?
A
deep in the temporal lobe
22
Q
what surrounds the hippocampus?
A
parahippocampal gyrus
23
Q
what structure is the hippocampus connected to? Why?
A
the hypothalamus. Hippocampus is asscoaited with memory and by using memory can do unconscious movement
24
Q
what connects your splennin of your corpus callosum to your uncus?
A
isthmus
25
what is uncus involved in?
is involved in primary olfactory cortex
26
what is special about the uncus?
it is the conly cortex in which sensory information does not go to the uncus (cerebral cortex) via the thalamus --> olfactor tracts go straight to the uncus
27
what are the 4 regions of the corpus callosum?
rostral, genu, body and splenin --> C shaped
28
what is the inferior aspect of the corpus callosum?
fornix
29
what is the septum pellucidum?
it is a thin membrane that drapes down the corpus callosum and forms the walls of the lateral ventricles
30
what is the fornix?
it is a bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that transfers infromation from the hippocampus to the mamillary body and then the anterior nuclei of the thalamus
31
what is the interventricular foramen
connection between the 2 lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle --> small aperture in the fornix
32
what is most anteriorly and posteriorly in the diencephalon?
most anteriorly is the optic chiasma
| most posteriorly is the mamillary body
33
what seperates the thalmaous and the hyperthalamous?
hypothalamic sulcus
34
what does the epithalamus and therefore pineal gland regulate?
cicada rhythm
35
what is the cicada rhythm?
are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment
36
why is the pineal gland and epithalamus important diagnostically ?
it calcifies with age and is a midlien structure so MR scan can show if there is deviation or some sort of bleeding.
37
where do the fibers of the hippocampus go?
to the mamillary body via the fornix
38
where will the fibers from the mamillary body extend too?
the cingulate gyrus
39
how is parahippocampus gyrus formed and where?
it is a continuation of the cingulate gyrus and is underneath the diencephalon
40
what are primary sensory areas
specific sensory pathways terminate here, perceived sensation
41
what is the primary sensory area for general sensation?
Post central gyrus
42
what is the priamry sensory area for vision?
either side of the calcarine sulcus (striate cortex)
43
what is the priamry sensory area for auditory?
Heschl’s gyrus ( superior temporal gyri)
44
what is the priamry sensory area for smell (olfactory)?
uncus
45
what is the priamry sensory area for gustatory (smell)?
inferior post central gyrus
46
what is the primary motor cortex?
pre central gyrus
47
what is the secondary sensory areas involved in?
Receives input from primary sensory are
| Involved in interpretation/understanding.
48
what is the secondary area for General sensory (somaesthetic?
Superior parietal lobe
49
what is the secondary area for visual?
pre striate area
50
what is the secondary area for Auditory?
Lateral fissure/superior temporal gyri
51
what are the second motor ara invovled in?
Secondary motor areas – Sends output to primary motor are Organises patterns of movement
52
what is the secondary motor area for Premotor area
| ?
Anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface
53
what is the supplementary motor field invovled in and whats it's secondary motor area?
stability and anterior to your precentral gyrus on the medial surface
54
what does equipotential motor area mean?
assocaited with both left and right side of the brain
55
what occurs when there is damage to sencondary sensory areas?
leads to disorders of understanding = Agnosia --> you can still feel the object but won't understand the signicance of the sensation of feel
56
what occurs when there is damage to the secondary motor areas?
inability to carry out purposive movements, although there is no paralysis = Apraxia
57
what is Parieto-temporal cortex?
Integrates information of different modalities
| Involved in memory
58
what is Prefrontal cortex?
Regulates moods and feelings
| Involved in higher order cognitive functions --> Conceptualisation, planning, judgement
59
which hemisphere is usually dominant?
left
60
why is the left hemisphere usually more dominant?
more people are right handed and left hemisphere control right limbs
61
what is the non dominant hemisphere assoicated with?
spatial awareness
62
what is the dominant hemisphere usually associated with?
Auditory association specialised for linguistic function
63
what are the two langues area found in dominant hemisphere?
posterior and anterior area
64
what does the posterior area of the language area do?
Sensory or receptive
Understanding words
Known as Wernicke’s area
65
what does the anterior area of the language area do?
Motor or expressive
Production of words
Known as Broca’s area
66
what is the consequence of damage to the language area?
Inability to understand language
Inability to correctly articulate speech
aphasia
67
what type of fibres does cingulate gyrus contain?
association fibers --> communicate within the same cerebral hemisphere
68
what is cortical homunculus?
it is the idea of what your body thinks it looks like depending on sensory sensation. Your hands are very sensitive due to having a lot of senory receptors while your chest is not as much
69
what is the general distrubution of the whole body on the pre/post central gyrus?
lateral and midline region.
The legs an hips are on the medial region of the gyrus while the hand are more lateral region. Face is very lateral region of the pre/post central gyrus
70
what happens to the pre/postcentral gyrus if the anterior cerberallar artery is damaged?
then the blood supply to the medial region of the gyrus is damaged and this will affect sensory and motor innervation from the lower legs and hips
71
what happens to the pre/postcentral gyrus if the middle cerberallar artery is damaged?
this supplies the lateral part of the brain and therefore lateral section of the gyrus is affected and therefore the hands and all of the face is affected
72
what nucleus in the thalamus is invovled in general sensation of the body and were does it project too?
lateral ventral posterolateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the legs and projects to the midline
medial ventra; posterolateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the arms and projects to the lateral region
73
what nucleus in the thalamus is invovled in general sensation of the face and were does it project too?
ventro posteromedial nucleus recieves sensroy input from the face and projects to the lateral region
74
what is the primary and secondary association with general sensation?
primary --> postcentral gyrus
| secondary --> superior parietal lobe
75
what is the primary and secondary association with auditory?
the superior temporal gyrus is primary
| secondary is --> lateral fissure/ superior temporal gyurs
76
what is the primary and secondary association with vision?
primary --> either side of the calcrine sulcus --> striate cortex
secondary --> pre striate area
77
what is the secondary assoication with motor?
premotor area --> is anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface
supplementary area --> stability--> anterior to precentral sulcus on medial surface
frontal eye field --> anterior to premotor area
78
what does it mean by equipotential?
that what ever happens on the right happens on the left
79
what areas does equipotential relate too?
the motor and secondary assoication area --> there is no higher dominance in these areas
80
what is general assoication areas involved in?
more complex aspects of behaviour and intellectual functioning
81
what is your prefrontal cortex controlling exactly?
it is controlling your mood and feelings based on past exprerience --> so the affect of something making you sad or happy or how you respond to things
82
what area is damaged in aphasia, agnosia and apraxia?
aphasia --> the wernickes and broccas area of linguistic function
agnosia --> secondary sensory areas
apraxia --> secondary motor areas
83
what are the two language areas?
wernickes area --> posterior area
| broccas area --> anterior area
84
which gyrus of the frontal lobe extend to the medial surface of the frontal lobe
the superior frontal gyrus and the pre central gyrus. The cingulate gyrus is also present on the meidal surface
85
what is the inferior part of the frontal lobe made up of?
series of orbital gyris
86
which structures of the parietal lobe are on it medial surface?
the post central gyrus and another part of the cingulate gyrus
87
what sulcus forms the parahippocampus gyrus?
the collateral sulcus
88
what is the role of the limbic lobe?
Limbic lobe containing regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour.
89
what does the lentiform and caudate nucleus form?
corpus striatum nucleus
90
where there are the frontal temporal and occipital poles located?
at the extreme ends of the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes
91
olfactory tracts are found on the inferior/ventral surface of which lobe?
frontal lobe
92
what 4 things is the brain protected by in life?
hiar
scalp
skull
meninges
93
what is the secnd association cortex for frontal eye lid?
the anterior to the premotor area
94
what gyrus of the frontal lobe go from the lateral surface to the medial surfae of the cerebral hemispheres?
the superior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus from lateral to medial surface.
Which is completed by part of the cingulate gyrus
95
what gyrus does the inferior temporal gyrus lie next to on the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere?
the occipitotemporal gyrus
96
what is the parahippocampus continous with?
hippocampus which is deep in the temporal lobe
97
what is the internal capsule and where is it?
it is a dense fibre bundle of projection fibres deep in the brain.
98
wheres in the cerebral hemisphere is the internal capusle?
lies next to the thalamus --> seperating it from deep grey matter structures
99
where does the caudate nucleus lie and what is its shape?
lies next to the wall of the lateral ventricle
| C shaped --> get head and tail of the caudate nucleus
100
what is the ventricular system dervived from?
the cenetral canal of the neural tube
