1
Q
Prejudice
A
- Academic for racism& discrimination
- Gordon Allport says - Prejudice is an attitude
- Tripartite Model - Cognitive, Affective, Behavioural
- Unprejudiced people know what prejudice is
- People with negative attitudes do not always discriminate
2
Q
Tripartite Model of Prejudice
A
- Cognitive - thoughts about prejudice
- Affective - the feelings of prejudice
- Behavioural - actions that are discriminatory
3
Q
Categorical Responses to People
A
- Susan Fiske 1995
- Stereotypes are cognitive component
- Prejudice is the affective component
- Discrimination in the behavioural aspect
4
Q
Social Cognitions
A
- Where prejudice is sprouted
- Hot Processes are automatic cognitions
- Cold Processes are the more calculated thought driven responses
5
Q
Dehumanisation
A
- attributing qualities of the group to the individual
- when minorities are regarded as less than human
- Not required to treat them with full human rights
- seems that this consequence is less severe
- Calling people animal derogatory names
6
Q
Dehumanisation
A
- attributing qualities of the group to the individual
- when minorities are regarded as less than human
- Not required to treat them with full human rights
- seems that this consequence is less severe
- Calling people animal derogatory names
7
Q
Stereotype
Threat
A
- Fear of being judged by stereotypes by others
- Studies that show hampering of academic Acheivement
*
8
Q
Objective Disadvantage
A
- Discrimination reduces reall access of some groups to health, education and other resources
- Can be internalised - Chronic Apathy and lack of motivation
- Smith 85 - Women anticipate failure more than men which further decreases motivation
9
Q
Hidden/Reverse Discrimination
A
- Reluctance to Help - Bystander Apathy
- Tokenism - Small positive action to deflect criticism
- Reverse Discrimination - Deliberate advantage to a minority
10
Q
Quotas
A
- Using quotas creates a new normative experience
- It makes diversity in a work situation seem more normal
11
Q
What is Culture
A
- Shared Rules that govern behaviour of groups - Overt & Covert
- Supports existance & survival
- Relativley stable but evolves over time - Cultural Shift
- Enculturation
12
Q
Enculturation
A
- The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of a new culture if we transition to a new place
e.g. immigration, changing workplaces
13
Q
3 Levels of Culture
A
- Distal Culture
- Proximate Culture
- Ontogenic Culture
We all belong to multiple cultures
14
Q
Distal Culture
A
- The most distant influences in our behaviour
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Religion
- Social Norms and Values
National culture, religion
15
Q
Proximate Culture
A
Family, Friends, Extended Family, community, church groups
16
Q
Ontogenic System
A
- Individual Dispositions
- Character Traits
- Interacts with Distal and Proximate Cultures
17
Q
Evolutionary Culture
A
- Lehman, Chiu & Schaller 2004
- Terror Management Theory
- Creation of Share Reality
- By-Product of Human Interaction
18
Q
Terror Management Theory
A
- Shared fears creates belonging and lowers existential angst
- we generally feel anxiety but being member of a culture reduces it.
e.g. mortality, why are we here? what is my purpose?
19
Q
Creation of Shared Reality
A
- Humans need to feel that others feel the same way they do
- Validation of own experiences
- Gives us a sense of better control
20
Q
By-Product of Human Interaction
A
- We are social creatures and create culture thorugh interactions
- Shared beleifs, behaviours and attitudes
21
Q
What is NOT Culture?
A
- Nationality
- Ethnicity
- Race
22
Q
How is Culture Transmitted
A
- Enculturation
23
Q
Monochronic Cultures
A
- Prefer to focus on one thing at a time without distractions or interruptions.
- Schedules and sticking to them is hugely important
- Previous commitments matter
- Once a plan is made, it’s followed through
- Changes to plans taken very seriously and are inconvenient
- Time is rigid, divisible and inflexible
- Future orientet
24
Q
Polychronic Cultures
A
- Does many things at once
- Concept of time is free-flowing
- Changes depending on each situation.
- Distractions and interruptions are a natural part of life
- Collectivist
25
Cultural Display Rules
* Set the level of appropriate display of emotion
* Depends on the situation
26
Interpersonal Space
* Intimate Space
* Social & Consultative Space
* Public Space
27
Tight vs Loose Cultures
* The extent to which people are required to adhere to cultural norms
* Tight cultures are strict
* Loose cultures are relaxed
28
Hofstede's Value Dimensions
* Power Distance
* Uncertainty Avoidance
* Individualism/Collectivism
* Masculintiy/Femininity
* Long vs short Term Orientation
29
Power Distance
* How a culture deals with inequality
* Low distance less accepting of authority
* High Distance more strict heirarchies - e.g. class systems
30
Uncertainty Avoidance
* Degree of tolerance for the unknown
* Low levels are more at ease with unpredictable circumstances
* High levels focus on general truth and reject opposing ideas
31
Language and Culture
* Culture influences words and how we use them
* Influences Identity
* Reinforces Cultural Traditions
32
Sapi-Whorf Hypothesis
* Linguistic Relativity
* Speakers of different languages think differently due to differences in their languages
* Effects thought processing
* But: Multilingual?
33
Acculturation
* The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture
* Focused on adults moving to new cultures - immigration
* Can be positive - effective adjustment to new culture
34
Culture Learning
* Bochner 1986
* Effective adjustment to new culture
* Exposure to culture is a learning process
* Recognise languages, customs and social norms
35
U Shaped Acculturation
Taft & Oberg 1960
1. Honeymoon
2. Crisis
3. Recovery
4. Adjustment
5. Acceptance
Movement through positive to negative then back to positive again
Empirical evidence does not support this -
Stress theory suggests first stage is the most difficult, where there is greatest change.
36
Culture Shock
* Unpleasant feelings of disorientation and anxiety when moving from one culture to another
* Adaption to practices rules and expectations
* Multiple phases of adjustment
37
Berry's Model of Acculturation
Deals with change in these factors:
1. physical environment
2. Biological factors
3. Social Relationships
4. Individual adaptation
38
Affective-Behavioural-Cognitive Model
Affect - Stress and Coping Theory
Behaviour - Culture Learning Theory
Cognitions - Social Identification Theory
39
Succesful Adjustment
Ward & Kennedy 1999
Adjustment is easier if people have:
* People have culture specific knowledge
* Fluency of the language
* More extensive contact with host nationals
* Residents rather than sojourners
* Home culture more similar to host culture
40
Individual Impacts of Multiculturism
* Individuals can be bicultural
* Identity is stronger with home culture
* Cultural Time Conservation - Country of origin changes but the bicultural individual stays the same because they are not there.
41
Society Benefits of Diversity
* Increased tolerance and understanding of other
* Economic and social strength
* Diversity in lifestyles
42
Conflict in Diversity
* Ethnocentrism
* Accentuation of Group Differences
* Creation of Selective thinking
* Assumption of Homogeneity
* Xenophobia and Racism
43
Social Engineering
* Psychological manipulation of people into performing actions or divulging confidential information
e.g. Stolen Generation, Jan 6 Washington
