Weeks 1-3

Question 1

What is psychophysiology? (4 elements)

Answer 1

Relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to mental processes and disorders

Question 2

What is the goal of psychophysiology?

Answer 2

To identify and describe the physiological processes directly relevant to such psychological constructs as drive, motivation, attitude, emotion, and their modification by learning

Question 3

Neuraxis

Answer 3

Imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

Question 4

Cephalic flexure

Answer 4

The name of the curve between the brainstem and the forebrain

Question 5

Overall function of the nervous system

Answer 5

Helps all parts of the body communicate with each other through chemical or electrical signals; takes in information through out senses, processes the information, and triggers reactions

Question 6

5 functions of the CNS

Answer 6

Homeostasis
Interpreting sensory information
Creating motor responses
Learning
Thinking

Question 7

Main function of the peripheral nervous system

Answer 7

Relay between the CNS and the rest of the body

Question 8

3 layers of protection for the brain

Answer 8

Cranium/skull
Meninges
CSF

Question 9

3 parts of the meninges

Answer 9

pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater

Question 10

Where is CSF created?

Answer 10

Choroid plexus (ependymal cells)

Question 11

Where does CSF leave the ventricular system?

Answer 11

4th ventricle

Question 12

Apoptosis versus necrosis

Answer 12

Apoptosis = PLANNED (removal of damaged/unneeded neurons)
Necrosis = not planned cell death

Question 13

3 parts/divisions of the brain

Answer 13

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

Question 14

Largest division of the brain?

Answer 14

Forebrain/telencephalon

Question 15

Lobes of the telencephalon and functions of the lobes

Answer 15

Frontal (planning, executive functions)
Temporal (tempo, auditory processing)
Parietal (pokey, sensory)
Occipital (sight)

Question 16

What does the nervous system develop from?

Answer 16

Neural tube

Question 17

Sulci versus fissures versus gyri

Answer 17

Sulci = small grooves
Fissures = large grooves
Gyri = bulges
(All increase surface area of the brain)

Question 18

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 18

Boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

Question 19

What are the cerebral peduncles?

Answer 19

two ventral bulges that contain pyramidal motor tracts (attach the cerebrum to the brainstem)

Question 20

Why is gray matter gray?

Answer 20

Made up of mostly cell bodies

Question 21

Function of the midbrain

Answer 21

Motor movement, pathway between the spinal cord, cerebellum, and forebrain

Question 22

Parts of the telencephalon

Answer 22

Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Amygdala

Question 23

Parts of the diencephalon

Answer 23

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 24

What is the diencephalon the connection between?

Answer 24

Forebrain and midbrain

Question 25

What system straddles the telencephalon and diencephalon?

Answer 25

The limbic system

Question 26

Function of the basal ganglia

Answer 26

Motor control/learning, executive functions and behaviors, emotions

Question 27

Parts of the midbrain

Answer 27

Mesencephalon (tectum and tegmentum)

Question 28

Parts of the tectum

Answer 28

Inferior and superior colliculi

Question 29

Parts of the tegmentum

Answer 29

periaqueductal gray, raphe nucleus, substantia nigra

Question 30

Parts of the hindbrain

Answer 30

Metencephalon and myencephalon

Question 31

Parts of the metencephalon

Answer 31

Pons and cerebellum

Question 32

Function of the pons

Answer 32

Bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 33

Parts of the myencephelon

Answer 33

Medulla oblongata

Question 34

Function of the medulla

Answer 34

reflexes, cardiac function, respiration, vasodilation

Question 35

Where does the reticular formation reside?

Answer 35

Midbrain (tegmentum)

Question 36

Function of the reticular formation

Answer 36

Supports wakefulness/alertness and filters incoming information (security guard)

Question 37

Homonculus

Answer 37

a model that reflects the amount of brain tissue devoted to the sensory or motor nerves in that area and the information in a specific area

Question 38

3 types of somatic nervous system neurons

Answer 38

Sensory, motor, interneurons

Question 39

Afferent versus efferent axons

Answer 39

Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the CNS whereas efferent neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body (afferent = affinity/towards, efferent = exit) Afferent = sensory (out to in) Efferent = motor (in to out)

Question 40

Dermatome versus myotome

Answer 40

Spinal nerve bundles, dermatome is sensory (skin), myotome is motor (muscle)

Question 41

Function of the vagus nerve

Answer 41

Longest cranial nerve, regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Question 42

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 42

12

Question 43

2 parts of peripheral nervous system

Answer 43

Somatic and autonomic nervous systems

Question 44

2 parts of the autonomic nervous sytem

Answer 44

Parasympathetic (peace) and sympathetic (fight, flight, freeze)

Question 45

What is the cauda equina?

Answer 45

Bunch of nerves at the bottom of the spine (horses tail)

Question 46

Most common type of neuron

Answer 46

Multipolar

Question 47

4 main parts of a neuron

Answer 47

Cell body Dendrites Axon Terminal buttons (Myelin sheath) (Nodes of Ranvier)

Question 48

3 types of glial cells

Answer 48

Microglia Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes

Question 49

Which glial cell creates myelin?

Answer 49

Oligodencrocytes

Question 50

Supporting cells of the PNS

Answer 50

Schwann cells

Question 51

What kind of membrane is the BBB?

Answer 51

Selectively permeable

Question 52

What is the weakest area of the BBB?

Answer 52

Area postrema

Question 53

What does the BBB let through?

Answer 53

Water, lipid soluble molecules, specialized sugars/amino acids

Question 54

How do neurons communicate?

Answer 54

Action potentials

Question 55

What are action potentials caused by?

Answer 55

Ion movements within the cell

Question 56

Resting membrane potential

Answer 56

-70mV

Question 57

Threshold of excitation

Answer 57

-55mV

Question 58

A neuron at rest has a high concentration of...

Answer 58

Outside = sodium, calcium and chloride Inside = potassium and anions

Question 59

3 ways molecules move

Answer 59

Diffusion Electrostatic pressure Sodium-potassium ion pump

Question 60

"All or none law" of action potentials

Answer 60

You don't get bigger action potentials, you just get more

Question 61

"Rate law" of action potentials

Answer 61

The strength of the action potential is based on the rate of firing, not the size (amplitude stays consistent)

Question 62

Types of postsynaptic potentials

Answer 62

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) (depolarizing) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) (hyperpolarizing)

Question 63

Parts of the synapse

Answer 63

Presynaptic neuron Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic neuron

Question 64

What are the 2 mechanisms to terminate postsynaptic potentials?

Answer 64

Reuptake and enzymatic deactivation/degradation

Question 65

What is the corticospinal tract?

Answer 65

A descending motor pathway in charge of voluntary muscle control/motor movements

Question 66

Where is the point of decussation in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 66

Pyramids of the medulla

Question 67

What is the spinothalamic tract?

Answer 67

Primary somatosensory tract

Question 68

What are the 2 major aspects of drug influences?

Answer 68

Drug effects (observable changes) and sites of action (binding sites)

Question 69

Pharmacokinetics versus pharmacodynamics

Answer 69

Movement of drugs through the body versus body's biological response to the drug

Question 70

4 aspects of pharmacokinetics

Answer 70

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Question 71

9 forms of drug administration

Answer 71

intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intracerebral, oral, intrarectal, inhalation, topical

Question 72

Inhalation versus insufflation

Answer 72

into the lungs versus the mucosal membrane of the nose (cocaine)

Question 73

What is the dose response curve?

Answer 73

Determines the point of maximum effect of a drug

Question 74

What is the effectiveness of a drug impacted by?

Answer 74

Site of action Affinity

Question 75

What is the margin of safety?

Answer 75

The difference between therapeutic/desired effect of a drug and undesired effect

Question 76

Commonly used margin of safety

Answer 76

Therapeutic index

Question 77

What are the two numbers used to calculate the therapeutic index?

Answer 77

Effective dose 50 (ED50) and toxic dose 50 (TD50)

Question 78

What is an ideal therapeutic index?

Answer 78

Larger than 10

Question 79

What are neuromodulators?

Answer 79

Neurochemicals that affect the neurotransmission of a WHOLE GROUP of neurons

Question 80

2 categories of drugs

Answer 80

Agonists Antagonists

Question 81

What is a direct agonist versus a direct antagonist?

Answer 81

Direct agonist mimics the neurotransmitter and binds with and activates the same receptor whereas a direct antagonist binds and BLOCKS the receptor from being activated (sits on receptor and prevents ion channels from opening)

Question 82

Amino acid neurotransmitters

Answer 82

Glutamate, GABA, glycine

Question 83

What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters of the CNS?

Answer 83

Glutamate and GABA

Question 84

What are the main amino acid neurotransmitters of the PNS?

Answer 84

Glutamate and glycine

Question 85

4 main glutamate receptors

Answer 85

NMDA, AMPA, Kainate, Metabotropic Glutamate

Question 86

3 catecholamine neurotransmitters

Answer 86

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Question 87

What is the precursor to serotonin?

Answer 87

Tryptophan