What are the three main types of IV fluids?
Isotonic fluids
Hypertonic fluids
hypotonic fluids
what does isotonic fluids do?
- The amount of water transported into the cell equal to the mount of water transported out from the cell.
- Solution concentration inside the cell is equal to the solution outside the cell.
What does Hypotonic fluids do?
- The cells inflate and eventually burst
- Water is transported into the cells and the solution concentration inside the cell is higher.
What do Hypertonic fluids do?
- The cells shrink
- Water is transported out from the cell
What are the two main groups of fluids?
- Crystalloids
- Colloids
What are crystalloids?
- Clear solution, fluids made up of water and electrolyte solutions.
What are colloids?
- Large molecules weight solutions
- Initially these fluids stay almost entirely in the intravascular space for a prolonged period of time compared to crystalloids.
Opioid analgesics have two types of effects which are?
- Peripheral effects
- Central Effects
What are some central effects of opioid use?
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
- Pupil constriction
- Nausea and vomiting
What are some peripheral effects of opioid use?
- spasms of sphincter muscles
- suppression of some spinal reflexes
- severe itching
- severe constipation
What is the mechanisms of action for NSAIDS?
- Inhibit the enzyme cyclo- oxygenate
- prostaglandins are synthesised by most cells in the body and bind to a number of PG receptors.
What are some side effects associated with Morphine?
- light headiness
- dizziness
- Sedation
- N & V
- respiratory arrest
What are the indications for morphine use?
- Relief of pain
- Preop med
- severe chronic pain
What are the indications for Fentanyl use?
- Analgesia before and after surgery
- Control of breakthrough pain
- Chronic pain
What are the pethidine indications?
- relief of moderate to severe pain
- post op shivering
- pre op analgesia
What are some adverse effects associated with NSAIDS?
- Renal fluid retention
- Skin reactions
- Can precipitate asthma attacks.
What is acute pain?
Type of pain lasting no longer than 3-6 months or pain that is directly related to soft tissue damage and only lasts a short period of time.
What is Chronic pain?
Chronic pain is any pain lasting longer that 12 weeks.
What is neuropathic pain?
Neuropathic pain is caused by damage or disease affecting the somatosensory nervous systems.
Nociceptive pain is what?
Type of pain you feel when you burn yourself, aching, burning or stinging pain.
What are the mediators involved in the transmission or relief of pain?
- 5HT
- Noradrenaline
- GABA
- Prostaglandins
- Endogenous opioids.
The four characteristics of inflammation are?
1- blood vessels dilating causing swelling
2- cellular infiltration
3- tissue repair
What are the four types of hypersensitivity
1- Immediate reaction
2- Antibody dependent
3- Complex mediated reaction
4- Cell mediated
What are the primary types of immunity?
- Cell mediated
- Antibody mediated immunity
