Weight Management

Question 1

What percent of Canadian adults are obese?

Answer 1

~64%

Question 2

Obesity

Answer 2

A level of fat mass that compromises physical wellbeing

• causes problems in body

Question 3

Body Mass Index

Answer 3

< 18.5 = Underweight

18.5 - 24.9 = Normal range

25 or more = Overweight

2 types of overweight:

Preobese - 25.0 - 29.9
Obese - 30 or more

• Class 1: 30.0 - 34.9
• Class 2: 35.0 - 39.9
• Class 3: 40 or more

Good for population data not individual data

• Arnold Swartchenega was 30.3, but mostly lean mass

Question 4

What cateegory is Obesity recognized as?

Answer 4

A chronic disease

Question 5

Risks of Obesity

Answer 5

• Reduces life expectancy by up to 14 years
• Increased risks for CVD, diabetes, many cancers
• Associated with impaired immune function, diseases of the kidney and gallbladder, bone and joint disorders, pregnancy risks, psychological disorders

Question 6

Types of body fat

Answer 6

Essential fat:

• 3% of male weight
• 12% of female weight

No health risks; essential for reproductive capacity

Non-essential fat (risky fat):

Can pose significant helth risks; visceral or subcutaneous adipose

Depends on age, sex, diet, activity

Question 7

Risks of Obesity

Answer 7

Obesity is a risk for many commorbidities like:

• type 2 diabetes - not fully understood
• type 2 diabetes leads to Cardiovascular disease

Question 8

How to Evaluate Body Weight and Composition

Answer 8

• BMI: simplest and most broadily applicable

Weight/Height

• Height-Weight Charts
• Hydrostatic weighing
• Electrical impedance
• Scanning (MRI) methods

Question 9

What determines your weight?

Answer 9

Energy intake:

Food & Alcohol

Energy Out:

• Metabolism (60-75%)
• Thermic effect of food (10%)
• Physical Activity (15-30%)

Question 10

Factors Influencing Energy Expenditure

Answer 10

• Genetics
• Higher lean mass
• Physical activity
• Greater Height & Weight
• Being Male

Question 11

Factors Influencing Energy Intake

Answer 11

Hunger: Physiological need to eat
Appetite: Desire to eat
(Not physiological)
Satiety: How full do we feel?

Question 12

Causes of Obesity

Answer 12

• Decline in physical activity
• Overconsumption of calories
• Areas of few grocery stores, more fast food chains increases risk
• Psychosocial factors

Question 13

Foresight Model: Causes of Obesity

Answer 13

Says that there is no one single factor that results in obesity

Ex of factors:

Food consumption: Too many calories
Food production: Unhealthy foods are cheap and accessible
Physiology: Hormonal imbalances, genetics, metabolic problems
Individual physical activity: Ability to excercise
Environmental physical activity: Does environment promote physucal activity?
Individual psychology: Depression, anxiety, addiction
Social psychology: Friends and family’s affect

Question 14

Dangers of Obesity

Answer 14

• Stroke
• Heart Disease
• Some forms of cancer
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Hypertension
• High blood cholesterol
• Psychological disorders

Question 15

Ideal Weight

Answer 15

The weight you achieve while maintaining the healthiest lifestyle you can sustain.

Question 16

Crash Diet

Answer 16

a highly restrictive, short-term diet that aims for rapid weight loss.

• considered unsustainable and potentially harmful to health
• Weight loss is often regained once this diet ends beacuse normal eating patterns resume

Question 17

Guidelines for Weight Control

Answer 17

1. Sensible Diet
   * Goal: Reduce caloric intake
   * Eat filling and nutrient-dense foods
2. Change in Eating Habits
   * Goal: Reduce caloric intake
   * Fight temptations of eating unhealthy foods
3. Psychological Modification
   * Self-efficacy: Belief in one’s ability to change
   * Identify triggers
   * Replace negative patterns of thought with positive ones
4. Physical Activity
   * Goal: Increase caloric expenditure
   * Find physical activities you enjoy so you stay consistent

Question 18

Eating Disorders

Answer 18

Serious disturbance in eating patterns or behaviours.

Common feature:

Dissatisfaction with body image and weight often due to distorted thinking, perfectionalist beliefs, unreasonable demands for self-control, and excessive self-criticism

Question 19

Anorexia nervosa

Answer 19

Individual does not eat enough to maintain adequate body weight.

<17.5 on BMI

• Eating disorder with highest mortality rate
• Low body weight does not mean anorexia

Risks:
* Cardiovascular disorder
* Gastrointestinal disorder
* Skeletal disorder

Question 20

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 20

Episodic binge eating followed by purging (vomiting or laxatives)

Binge Eating: Lack of control eating

Can be a compensation for eating little throughout the day

Risks: Damage to esophagus (stomach), Dehydration, Kidney, liver, and heart damage, depression

Question 21

Binge Eating Disorder

Answer 21

Recurrent episodes of binge-eating.

Question 22

Treatments for eating disorders

Answer 22

Must address problematic eating behaviours to manage stress and emotions.

Anorexia: Restoring body weight; addressing psychological aspects of disorder

Bullimia and binge eating: Stabilizing eating patterns; identifying and changing behaviours that led to eating disorder; improving coping skills