What are cells made up of?
Cells are made up of a variety of chemical substances like protein carbohydrates fats or lipids and so on.
What is health?
Health is a state of being well enough to function well physically, mentally and socially.
What are the five F’s?
- Fluids: - Protect the water source.
- treat and store water safely. - Fingers: - wash hands before preparing and taking food.
- a wash hands after defecation. - Flies: - cover the food
- control the flies. - Fields: - clean fruits and vegetables before use.
- avoid open defecation. - Floods: - prepare drainage system
- treatment of water.
State the conditions essential for good health.
- Physical environment is decided by our social environment.
- We need to be happy in order to be truly healthy.
- Social equality and harmony are essential for individual health.
- Public cleanliness is important for individual health.
- To have the opportunity to realize the unique potential in all of us is also necessary for real health.
State the conditions essential for being free of disease.
- Personal and domestic hygiene.
- Clean environment and surroundings.
- Proper disposal of wastes, control of vectors and maintenance of hygienic food and water resources.
- Balanced diet and regular exercise is also very important.
- Awareness about disease and their effect on different bodily functions.
Describe the musculoskeletal system.
The musculoskeletal system which is made up of bones and muscles holds the body parts together and helps the body to move.
Differentiate between symptoms and signs.
Symptoms; - symptoms of disease are the things we feel as being wrong.
- these indicate that there may be a disease, but they don’t indicate what the
disease is.
Signs: - signs of disease are what physicians will look for on the basis of the symptoms.
- signs will give a little more definite indication of the presence of a particular
disease.
Differentiate between acute and chronic diseases
ACUTE: - diseases lasts only for very short periods of time and these are called acute
diseases.
- acute disease, which is over very soon, and will not have time to cause major
effects on overall health.
CHRONIC: - disease that last for a long time, and these are called chronic diseases.
- chronic disease will have enough time to cause drastic long term effects on
the person’s body.
Causes of disease.
- If there is a baby suffering from loose motion we can say that it might be caused due to infection. Infection may be from unclean drinking water.
- The person may not be healthy because it is not well nourished and does not get enough food.
- Lack of good nourishment.
- Poverty and lack of public services.
- The person was maybe exposed to pathogens.
Differentiate between infectious and non infectious disease.
INFECTIOUS: - diseases were microbes (infectious agents) are the immediate causes are called infectious agents.
- external causes.
- the disease will spread.
NON INFECTIOUS: - the disease that are not caused by infectious agents.
- internal causes
- the disease will not spread.
Causes high blood pressure.
- Excessive weight
2. Lack of exercise.
Classifications of organisms that cause disease and the disease caused by them.
- Virus: - common cold, influenza, dengue fever and AIDS.
- Bacteria: - typhoid, fever, cholera, tuberculosis and anthrax are caused by bacteria.
- Fungi: - many common skin infections are caused by different types of fungi.
- Protozoan: - malaria and Kaal-azar.
- Worms: - all of us had come across intestinal worms. The disease is caused by it is elephantiasis.
Why is it important that we think virus, bacteria, fungai, protozoa and worms as categories of infectious agents?
- These categories are important factors in deciding what kind of treatment can be used. Members of each one of these groups virus, bacteria and so on have many biological characteristics in common.
- Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply very quickly, while worms multiply very slowly in comparison.
- Many important life processes are similar in bacteria group but are not shared with viruses group. As a result drugs that block one of these life processes in one member of the group is likely to be effective against many other members of that group. But same drug will not work against a microbe belonging to a different group.
Describe antibiotics in action.
- They commonly block biological pathways important for bacteria. Many bacteria makes a cell wall to protect themselves.
- For example the antibiotic penicillin blocks the bacterial processes that build the cell wall. when the growing bacteria is unable to make the cell wall, it dies easily.
- Since human cell does not make a cell wall penicillin won’t have any effect on us.
- Similarly many antibiotics work against many species of bacteria rather than simply working against one.
- If we get a bacterial infection along with viral cold, taking antibiotics will help. The antibiotics will only work against bacterial part of the infection, not the viral infection.
Describe the means of spread of diseases.
- Air: - microbes can spread through air.
- it is spread through little droplets thrown out by an infected person who sneezes or coughs. Someone standing close by can breathe in these droplets, and the microbes get a chance to start a new infection.
- examples of disease spread through air include common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis. - Water: - microbes spread through water.
- if the excreta from one person suffering from an infection got disease like cholera get mixed with the drinking water caused by people living nearby. The cholera causing microbes will enter a healthy person through the water they drink and cause a disease in them. These disease spread are much more likely to spread in the absence of safe supplies of drinking water. - Sexual contact: - sexually transmitted diseases are not spread by casual contact like through handshakes hugs or sports like wrestling or by any other ways in which we touch each other socially.
- diseases can also spread through blood contact with infected people or from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy or through breast feeding.
- examples of diseases include AIDS and syphilis. - Vectors: - and almost carried the infecting agents from a sick person to another potential host. Their animals are thus the intermediaries and are called vectors.
- the commonest vector we all know are mosquitoes. In many species of mosquitoes, the female needs highly nutritious food in the form of blood in order to be able to lay mature eggs. Mosquitoes feed on warm blooded animals, including US. Like this, there can be a transfer from one person to another person.
What are the target organs of: - tuberculosis, typhoid, jaundice, HIV, malaria, and brain fever.
- Tuberculosis: - if the bacteria enters through the nose, they are likely to go to the lungs. This is seen in the bacteria causing to tuberculosis.
- Typhoid: - if the bacteria enters the mouth, they can stay in the gut lining like a typhoid causing bacteria.
- Jaundice: - If the bacteria goes to the liver, like the virus causing jaundice.
- HIV: - an infection like HIV, that comes into the body through sexual organs, will spread to lymph nodes all over the body.
- Malaria-causing microbes, enter through a mosquito bite, will go to the liver and then to the red blood cells.
- Brain fever: - the virus causing Japanese encephalitis or brain fever, will similarly enter through the mosquito bite.
” the signs and symptoms of disease will depend on the tissue or organ which the microbe targets.” justify the statement
- If the lungs are the targets when symptoms will be cough and breathlessness.
- If the liver liver is a target then there will be jaundice.
- If the brain is the target then we will have headaches, vomiting, fits or unconsciousness.
Define inflammation.
An active immune system recruits many cells to the affected 2 kill of the disease causing microbes. This recruitment process is called inflammation.
Effects of HIV virus.
- In HIV infection, the virus goes to the immune system and damages its function.
- The body can no longer fight off the many minor infections that we face every day.
- Small cold can become pneumonia.
- A minor infection can produce major diarrhea with blood loss.
What determines the severity of disease?
The severity of disease manifestation depends on the number of microbes in the body. If the number of microbe is small, the disease manifestation may be minor or an artist. But if the number is of the same microbe is large, that disease can be severe enough to be life threatening.
Define the immune system.
The immune system is a major factor that determines the number of microbes surviving in the body.
What are the ways to treat infectious disease?
- Reduce the effect of disease: - we can take bedrest so that we can conserve our energy. This will enable us to have more of it available to focus on healing. Symptom directly treatment by itself will not make the infecting microbe go away and the disease will not be cured.
- Kill the cause of disease: - each group of organisms will have some essential bio chemical life process which is peculiar to that group. These processes may be pathways for synthesis of a new substance or respiration. For example our cells may make new substances by mechanism different from that used by bacteria. We find a drug that blocks the bacterial synthesis pathways without affecting their own.
Why is it harder to make antiviral medicines than making antibacterial medicines?
It is harder to make antiviral medicines that antibacterial medicines because virus have few biochemical mechanisms of their own. This means that the relatively few virus specific targets to aim at. Despite, this few limitation, there are now effective antiviral drugs, for example the drugs that keep HIV infection under control.
Limitations of dealing with infectious disease.
- Once someone has a disease, their body functions are damaged and may never recover completely.
- The second treatment will take time. Which means that someone suffering from a disease is likely to be bedridden for some time even if we can give proper treatment.
- The third is that the person suffering from an infectious disease can serve the source from where the infection may lead to other people.
