What different types of wildfires are there?
Ladder effect
Crown fire
Surface fire
Ground fire
What is the ladder effect?
When fires spread from the forest floor to the canopy.
What is a crown fire?
Fire that has ascended from the floor to the canopy and is spreading through the canopy
What is a surface fire?
Fire that burns along the surface w/o spreading higher. Flames less than 1 metre
What is a ground fire?
Burns beneath the ground in layers of organic peat. Slow burning smouldering fire
What conditions affect wildfires?
Vegetation type - dry, thick undergrowth, closely spaced trees, contains oil, sheds bark
Ignition sources - human/ natural
Type of soil - dry or saturated, peat, can’t see where the fire is spreading
Climate and recent weather - rainfall, wind speed and direction
Topography - valleys and slopes
Beh. of fire - speed, direction of movement, throwing debris
What are the human causes of wildfires?
- Campfires
- Matches
- Cigarettes
- Arson
- Sparks from railroad
- Burning rubbish and debris
- Farmers burning fields
- Sparks from equipment
- Power line arcs
- Fireworks
What are the natural causes of wildfires?
- Lightning
- Heat from the sun - spontaneous combustion
- Volcanoes
- Coal seam fires
- Meteors
What are the social impacts of wildfires?
- Injuries and deaths
- Homes and buildings destroyed - ppl left homeless
- Power lines and reservoirs destroyed - no electricity or clean water
- Health problems - smoke inhalation
What are the economic impacts of wildfires?
- Destroys businesses, loss of jobs and income
- Insurance premiums increase
- Huge cost of fighting wildfires
- Discourages tourists
What are the political impacts of wildfires?
- Governments face criticism when the impacts when the impact is severe
- May have to change forest management practice to reduce the risks
What are the environmental impacts of wildfires?
- Habitats destroyed, animals may not return and ecosystem changes
- Soils damaged as fire removes the nutrients
- Ecosystems rely of fire to remove dead vegetation
- Some plants release seeds when there is a wildfire so the fire can germinate them
What responses are there to wildfires?
Mitigation strategies
Short term - putting out fire, evacuation, diverting fire away from settlements etc.
Long term - prevention (education on risks) preparedness (households have emergency plan) adaptation (non-flammable building materials)
What are the positives of wildfires?
They clear dead vegetation and make sure forests don’t get too thick.
An issue w/ forest management and prevention of wildfires is that forests now have v. dense vegetation so when there are forest fires they have lots of fuel and are v. severe
When was the Alberta wildfire?
Began 1st May 2016. Lasted 2 months. Under control by July 5th.
What was the spatial and temporal setting of the Alberta wildfire?
Spread from 1,200 hectares to 220,000 hectares in a few days.
Windy conditions - spread quickly
Smoldering didn’t stop creating negative impacts for the environment and people until spring 2017
What were the perceptions of the Alberta wildfire?
Wildfires regular in Fort McMurry so ppl thought they protected and safe. Not prepared for that scale of wildfire.
Afterwards residents were terrified of it happening again. Authorities warned residents before doing controlled burning of roadsides to not trigger ppl.
Alberta gov. criticised for cutting $15 million from provinces wildfire suppression budget.
Some ppl saw their homes burn down via tech - cameras
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Wildfires17
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Isostatic, eustatic, emergent and submergent16
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Carbon - stores and transfers19
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Tectonics23
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Volcanic hazards21
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Tides and currents20
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Coastal management9
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Tropical storms22
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The Amazon56
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Carbon and water - Human intervention and mitigation against cc22
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Energy at the coast10
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Haiti earthquake56
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Hurricane Katrina44
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Cyclone Nargis23
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Geomorphological processes38
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Changes in the carbon cycle10
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Alberta wildfire14
