Lincolns reconstruction plan
- 10% plan
- pardon offered to southern states with 10% of voters taking allegations
- quick regeneration for southern states
- leniency towards defeated south
Wade-Davis Bill
- a more radical alternative to lincolns plan
- required majority oath to be let back into the union
- pocket vetoed by Lincoln
The Confederacy cant have its own military
Black Codes
- laws in southern states that restricted black rights
- aimed at controlling and limiting social experiences
- lead to more civil right struggles
13th amendment
- ratified in 1865, abolished slavery
- except for the punishment of crimes
civil rights act of 1866
-Passed over Johnson’s veto, granting equal rights to all citizens.
- First federal law to define citizenship and affirm that - all citizens are equally protected by the law.
Laid the foundation for the 14th Amendment.
freedman bureau
-Established in 1865 to assist newly freed African Americans.
- Provided education, medical care, and other forms of support.
- Was supposed to last a year, but nothing was happening so they extended it to 2 years
johnsons reconstruction plan
- Implemented by President Andrew Johnson after Lincoln’s assassination
- Similar to Lincoln’s plan but with additional requirements
- led to conflicts with the Republican-controlled Congress
15th amendment
- 1870, prohibited denial of voting rights based on race.
-Extended voting rights to African American men.
-A critical step toward universal suffrage.
14th amendment
-1868, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.
-civil rights and equal protection for all citizens.
-response to concerns about Southern states undermining the rights of freed slaves.
Enforcement Act of 1870
-Also known as the Force Act, aimed at combating violence by white supremacist groups.
-Empowered the federal government to enforce the 15th Amendment.
-Demonstrated the federal government’s commitment to protecting the rights of African Americans in the South.
slaughterhouse acts
-After 14th amendment was ratified
-Led to monopoly
-People complained that it was against 13th and 14th
-National vs State Rights
-National does not protect state so no rights could be enforced
-Court ruled in favor of monopoly
-Balance of power federal vs state
Civil rights case
-Gitlow was born in US
-Made threats against state and US but never specified time and date
-It was deemed constitutional as freedom of speech in 1st amendment
-He made books abt it
-Liberty in terms of 14th and how far liberty extends
-He was convicted in the end for dangerous tendencies
-Directly inciting violence is not constitutional and is hate speech
carpetbaggers + skalawags
Carpetbaggers:
- Northerners who migrated to the South after the Civil War.
- Often seen as opportunists, seeking economic or political gains.
- Frequently targeted by Southerners who resented their influence.
Scalawags:
- Southern whites who aligned with the Republican - Party during Reconstruction.
- Viewed by some Southerners as traitors to their region.
- Played roles in Southern governments advocating for Reconstruction policies.
sharecropping
- Post-Civil War agricultural system in the South.
- Landowners provided land, tools, and seeds to laborers in exchange for a share of the crop.
- Trapped many farmers in cycles of debt and poverty.
crop lien system
- Credit system where farmers used future crops as collateral for loans.
- Contributed to the economic struggles of Southern farmers, especially sharecroppers.
- Reinforced a cycle of debt and dependency.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
- Enacted to ensure equal access to public facilities regardless of race.
- Outlawed racial discrimination in public places.
- Later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1883.
military reconstruction 1867
- Imposed by Congress to reshape the Southern states after the Civil War.
- Divided the South into military districts governed by Union generals.
- Required Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment for readmission to the Union.
Ulysses S Grant
- Union Army General during the Civil War known for his strategic prowess.
- Instrumental in securing Union victories, including at Vicksburg and Appomattox.
KKK
- Emerged post-Civil War to resist Reconstruction policies.
- Employed violence and intimidation to undermine black political and social progress.
- Sought to restore white supremacy in the South.
Economic depression 1873
- Financial crisis triggered by the failure of the banking firm Jay Cooke & Company.
- Led to a severe economic downturn, including bank failures and unemployment.
-Prolonged period of economic hardship in the United States.
Special Field Order 15 (“Forty Acres and a Mule”)
- Civil War-era order by Union General William T. Sherman.
- Provided confiscated land to freed slaves in 40-acre plots.
- Symbolic attempt to address economic and social issues faced by freed African Americans
Juneteenth
- Commemorates the June 19, 1865, announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas.
- Marks the effective end of slavery in the United States.
- Celebrated annually as Juneteenth, recognizing freedom and African American culture.
Andrew Johnsons impeachment
- Andrew Johnson, 17th President, faced impeachment in 1868.
- Impeached by the House of Representatives but narrowly acquitted in the Senate.
- Stemmed from conflicts with Congress over Reconstruction policies.
Francis Lewis Cardozo
- Minister
- Worked in politics
- Switched to education then back to politics
- His mom was african american, hid dad was white
- He was very privileged
- Superintendent for school
- Advocated for beliefs
