World Cities Flashcards

Question

Counter urbanisation case study: St.Ives, Cambridgeshire → Impacts and management

Answer 1

IMPACTS * Traffic congestion - rush hour A14 * Avergae price of a detatched house £130000 → £291000 2000-2010 - commuters have higher wages than locals * 1000 properties at risk of flooding due to building on floodplain * More shops and services - designer * Changed population structure - ageing → young people MANAGEMENT * 2010 built 200 new homes - 75 affordable * Expand primary schools - 240 more places * Flood protection works - £8.8 million * £116 million guided busway to reduce London commuters * Pressure on schools etc.

Answer 2

1. Social decline * Migration, better employment opportunities 1951-1981 UK's largest conurbation lost 35% population * Small towns/rural areas → counter urbanisation * Changes in residential preferences and accessibility * Younger, more affluent left - economic → social decline 2. Inner city high-rise development * HIgh rise flats dislikes - 1960s/70s feature of inner city renewal * Run down old housing and unpopular new housing 3. Political decline * Low electroral turn outs - feel rejected * Far right parties elected 4. Environmental decline * Physical environment of inner city is poor - housing, empty and derelict, vacant factories, overgrown * Vandalism, graffiti, flytipping * Bleak concrete dominated landscape * 19th century housing replaced by housing estates 5. Economic decline * Movement of employment to smaller urban areas (1960-1981 - 1.6 million maunfacturing jobs lost in major urban areas) * Growth of service industries * Shortage of land and no technology (overseas) for manufacturing (Liverpool inner city 1994 50% unemployed - poorly skilled, ethnic minorities) * Cars - migrate to suburbs

Answer 3

Inequalities found in urban areas

Answer 4

Segregation of socio-economic and different ethnic groups within a city (devlops within particular market, changing environment, ethnic dimension)

Answer 5

Problems faced by residents in areas of deprivation, excluded by social and physical circumstances. Poor educaion - unemployment, bad housing, poor health and poor environment.

Answer 6

* Rise in car ownership - mobility * Planning - urban expansion and out of town development * Greenfield sites attract investment * Peripheral locations are cheaper and the suburbs are generally more affluent * Good access and pleasant environment * Upkeep in CBD expensive - Meadowhall £217 per m² per year, Oxford stree £4400 2009 * Unco-ordinated investment in city centres * Congestion causes CBD access to be reduced * Suburbanisation = donut city/dead heart * CIty centres dirty and unsafe *

Answer 7

* Manchester was an important industrial city in 19th and 20th centuries * 1960s onwards, industrial activities decreased and many moved out * Arndale centre built 1975 to help redevelop * Population still declining → 1980s * 1996 IRA bomb damaged much of the CBD → Arndale Centre and Royal Exchange Theatre * Redevelopment needed to repair damage and bring people back (Trafford Centre opening)

Answer 8

MANCHESTER MILLENIUM LTD: * Aimed to redesign and rebuild large parts of the CBD to create a safe and accessible centre - to live, shop and entertain and also to cause long-term investment * Old buildinsg were renovated eg Corn Exchnage - now and upmarket mall selling designer goods * Rundown and unattractive buildings rebuilt and restyled eg Arndale Centre * Upmarket department stores opened eg Selfridges * Pedestrianisation eg Exchange Square - open to meet and socialise * Printworks entertainment complex built on site of an old printing press - IMAX, gym, resturant, bars, nightclub * Urbis - exhibition centre - National Football Museum - built in Cathedral gardens * Other builidings constructed/renovated - old industrial builidngs turned into new residences SUCCESS * 2003-2009 population doubled to over 19000, 3rd most popular UK destination, tourism added £5billion to economy each year, retail made £300million extra per year (jobs too) * 2001 - 16% of population on low incomes - excluded from city centre as can't afford new facilities, tensions, jobs not accessible due to skills

Answer 9

The movement of people into the city centre or inner part of the city as part of urban regeneration

Answer 10

Inomovement of individuals into older housing that was in a state of disrepair (gentrification) Inomvement of people as part of a large-scale investment aimed at urban regeneration

Answer 11

* Mid-18th century, Notting Hill was a country hamlet * Industrialisation brought workers from the countryside * Victorian times - rough working class area, 1950s - slums and inner city deprovation, 1958 race riots

Answer 12

* Over 30 years, gentrification caused property prices to rocket - can cost more than Mayfair * London's most desirable area for families due to secluded gardens * Movie stars and media types moved in * Movie also provided publicity * Fashionable places to eat : Veronica's (2000 year old menus) and Westbourne pub (trendy) * Portabella Road - famoud street market - whole range * Largest carnival outside Rio * More affluent, more bars, more employment * But locals can't afford → tensions, rented sector decline

Answer 13

* 1950s London was the buiset port in the world * Many changes to improvemenst in technology meant the docks were virtually abandoned and derelict * 1980s docks closed, few jobs, over 1/2 land derelict * Many 19th century houses need urgent repair, transport poor and lack of basic services * London Dockland Devleopment Corporation set ip to try to imrpve economy, social and environmental conditions

Answer 14

ECONOMIC REGENERATION * Number of jobs increased from 27000 in 1981 to 90000 in 2000 * New firms and finanicial instituations eg stock exchange, ITV studios * Newspaper offices attracted to new high-rise developments in prestigious Canary Warf busisness complex * 29km long Docklands Light Railway, M11 link and city airport SOCIAL REGENERATION * 22000 new homes - luxury falts in former warehouses * 10000 refurbished local authority terraced houses * Post-16 college for new uni of East London * New leisure facilities: watersports marina and national indoor sports centre * Several huge shopping malls * Newham Council - low-cost housing → resident population 39000 → over 85000 and owner occupied from 5% → 40% ENVIRONMENTAL REGENERATION * 750 hectares derelict land reclaimed * 200000 tress and 130 hecatres new space created DRAWBACKS * Local residents can't afford expenisve new flats - shortage of low-cost housing * Few jobs in new high-tech industries - demand skills that former dock workers do not possess * Not enough services for growing and ageing population * More economic success, not social

Answer 15

* In the past, a manufacturing industry * From 1970s, economic decline set in due to competition from abroad * Factories closed and 60% employment lost 1975-1985 * Area became abandonded, derelict and depressed → 13% population loss 90s, 20% vacant properties * 1990s, East Mancherster one of the most deproved areas in the UK

Answer 16

EAST MANCHESTER REGENERATION 2000-2008 * Designated by government in 2000, New East Manchester Ltd. worked with local partner organisations to produce plans of regeneration for the area * 'Regernation Framework 2000-2008' → second plan implemented 2018 * Aims: redevelop town centres, build 12500 new homes, establish a business park, world-class sporting facility - 'Sport City', improve public transport, education and environment, attract 30000 newcomers to the area JOBS, TRAINING AND SKILLS * Several projects created since 2000 to support local residents by improving literacy and ICT skills and giving advice on finance * Work placements, volunteering schemes and apprenticeships available - 100s found alternative employment in the area TRANSPORT * Metrolink Light Rail Tram Network extended to East Manchester with stations under construction to act as pedestrian 'hubs' with easy public access * Bus services, footpaths and cycle ways improved and extended SPORTCITY: EUROPE'S PREMIER SPORT COMPLEX * City of Manchester stadium built to host Commonwealth games 2002 and home to Manchester City FC * Other world class facilities - outdoor and indoor athletics arenas, National Squash and National Cycling Centres * 350 new apartments constructed along Ashton Canal SUCCESS * 60% residents said area is improving * 68% satisifed with developments * Unemployment 14.2% 1998 → 5.7% 2007 * Large retailers - Asda, Matalan and Next to ara - over 300 jobs for locals * Huge amount of devlopment acheived DRAWBACKS * 40% said area not improving * Another regeneration framework needed to creat sustainable neighbourhoods and tackle crime * More social than economic success

Answer 17

Used to be corner shops and higher value goods purchased in town by car 1970s = supermarkets 1980s = out of town shoppung 21st century = e-commerce

Answer 18

* Increased mobility - cars, parking in CBD expensive, out of town shopping, petrol stations = local shop * Changing nature of shoppung habits - weekly shop, freezer, ready meals * Changing expectation of shopping habits - leisure acitvity, combine with cinema etc.

Answer 19

* Less people and pollution * Less congestion * More housing * New shopping malls * Less income * Increase in emissions on roads into town * Without a car = little access * Vacancises → 2010 N England 22% shops vacant * Loss of jobs

Answer 20

* More income for locals * Long-term employment * Less commuting * Revitalised brownfield sites * Prices rise * Increase in emissions and congestion * Construction disruptive * Noise and air pollution * Closure of small nearby shops

Answer 21

* Opened 1998 * Built on brownfield site in industrial area of Trafford PArk * 5 miles West of Manchester city centre * Covers 150 acres * Coat £660million * Over 200 shops, 1600 seat food court, 20 screen cinema, crazy golf, 10-pin bowling, lazer quest and indoor climbing wall * Close to M60 and M602 * Direct buses from Manchester * 11500 free car park spaces and traffic control system * Indoors and air conditioned * Long opening hours

Answer 22

* Supports local community projects and charities eg Royal Manchester Children's hospital thorugh fundraising and donations * Provides work experience for local school students studying retail business * 8000 jobs and healthcare and childcare vouchers benefits * Growing - more customers and economic benefits eg LegoLand discovery centre 2010 * Most drove → conegstion and pollution → busy periods eg Christmas * Fewer people visit surrounding town centres - can't offer same advantages e.g. Altricham 27% shops vacant 2010 → national average = 13% * Centre is investing in improving public trandport, cycle and pedestrian routes to reduce traffic. 40 bus services an hour and shittle bus to Metrolink tram system * 2011 - Altrichan Forward produced Altricham Town Centre Action Plan to draw people to town - events and reducing parking charges

Answer 23

1. Landfill → simple, unpleasant smell → vermin, leakage of toxic chemicals 2. Incineration → burnt to heat and gas, heat can be used, reduces waste size, gets rid of surgical products to prevent disease, expenisve and generates greenhouse gases 3. Physical reproccessing → collection and reuse, easy, needs sorting 4. Biological reprocessing → organic material composted, no cost, can attract vermin, difficult in small gardens 5. Energy recovery → energy content of waste can be harvested - renewable energy, difficult 6. Waste reduction methods - prevention of creation of waster, second hand and repairing, cheap, difficult to enforce

Answer 24

* £730million contracr - 1000s tonnes waste to be _composted_ or _recycled_ * 28 year contract between Cambridgeshire county council and Donarbon Waste Management Ltd. * £35m from government * State-of-the-art Mechanical Biological Treatment Plant, sorting recylable material from 'black bag' → compost-like material * NOT an alternative to kerbside recycling * Will acheive 50% recycled target by 2020, but £7m still spent per year on landfill

Answer 25

* Residents generate 300000 old electrical items for disposal per year * EARP by Peterborough county council, Compass Ltd, UKCeed, HP and Merloni * White goods and small electrical items collected by take-back schemes, waste collections and banks * Each item is barcoded and either reused (tested for faults and repaired) or recycled (broken into parts) * Catalyst for community volunteering and training for disadvantaged people * Expensive

Answer 26

* Population 4.8 million → 2006 target 60% recycled by 2012 * Agreement with food and drinks insudtry to reduce packaging * Residents to separate rubbish, food wate composted and woodwaste → chipboard * Charges for disposal of contrsuction waste high * Other combustable waste → incinerator and electrical generator. Reduces waste by 90% (Semakau landfill site)

Answer 27

* Suburbanisation/counterurbanisation → commuters * 2010 800million vehicles in UK * Over 30% of households own 2+ cars (large commuting workforce, economic growth, drive rather than walk) APPROACHES 1. Road schemes and restrcited access → congestion charge London 2003, London M25 recucing congestion, but more roads = more cars 2. Road traffic management schemes → widening, park and ride, bypasses, ringroads, restricted vehicukar access, 1-way system 3. Streamlining of public transport 4. New mass transit systems

Answer 28

* In Merseyside * 1/3 area's population live within 1km of a Merseyrail station → city centre * Operates in difficukt geographical area - Wirral peninsula * 3 main lines * Constant new initatives eg new stations

Answer 29

* Opened 1992 from Bury → Altricham (18 stations) * Extended 2000-2008 and plans to extend further to airport etc. * Connected to main railway at Picadilly and Victoria * Every 5 min during peak times, 12-15 off-oeak * 32 vehicles make 52000 journeys a day - 19 million every year → 3.5 million car journeys prevented a year

Answer 30

* Underground 1863 - not slowed by traffic, frequent, 600 per train * Bus lanes * Traffic congestion due to increase in use of private cars - 2million into city per day and tourists 28million per year, also a pass through point → Congestion chage 17 February 2003 - extended to West London 19 February 2007 → deter and raise funds → £10 a day per vehicle 7am-6pm Monday - Friday * Electronic ticketing - osyster card → frees up queues, cheap fares, encourage public transport * Ringroad M25 avoids travel thorugh city and Park and Rides * Rail stations further out * Eurostar 1994 → 50km channel tunnel, 300km/hr * Crossrail 2018 - 118km Maindehead → Heathrow \>1500 passengers * 1.5 million extra within 45 mins * Air - Luton, Standstead, London City, Heathrow and Gatwick - rail and motorway connections

World Cities Flashcards

(54 cards)