1
Q
Urbanisation case studies?
A
Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya
Lagos, Nigeria
Dharavi, India
2
Q
What are the characteristics of Kibera?
A
- Squatter settlement
- Home to 1 million
- Buildings made from weak material
- Overcrowded
3
Q
What causes the movement to Nairobi? (Kibera)
A
- High employment rates in the city
- Higher pay
- Low access to water and services in rural areas
- Opportunity to send money home
4
Q
What are the impacts of Kibera?
A
- Spread of disease
- Scarce water supplies
- Open sewers
- High crime and drug use
- Flooding is common
- No security
- 50% unemployed
5
Q
What planning and management strategies have been used in Kibera?
A
- KENSUP
- Relocation - decanting sites
- Site and service- homes are improved/rebuilt and connected to mains and sewers
- Residents move into homes and pay monthly fee to council for new accommodation
6
Q
What are the characteristics of Lagos?
A
- Slums
- 11.4 million
- Youthful population
- Homes built from scrap materials
7
Q
What causes the movement to Lagos?
A
- Mechanisation of farming
- Lack of rural investment
- Availability of jobs
- Perception of less overcrowded houses with electricity an improved healthcare
8
Q
What are the impacts of the movement to Lagos?
A
- Lack of housing - needs 10,000 per year
- Growth of slums
- Open sewers
- Limited electricity limited
- Competition for jobs
- Congestion = air pollution
- High crime
- Suppression of women
- Gangs
- Growth of informal sector
9
Q
What are the management and planning strategies being used in Lagos?
A
- New houses being built for new migrant to replace older ones
- Health care is not free so patient numbers have dropped by 30% allowing more money to be spent on other things
10
Q
What is the suburbanisation case study?
A
Bradley stoke, Bristol
11
Q
What are the characteristics of Bradley Stoke?
A
- Population of 25,000
- Detached and new semi detached houses and bungalows
- Local shopping centres and schools
- Parks, cemeteries, golf courses and playing fields
12
Q
What causes the movement to Bradley Stoke?
A
- Initial development of transport networks
- Schools: 6 primary schools and Bradley Stoke community school
- Increasing adult population demanding households
- The way in which people choose to live
13
Q
What are the positive impacts of the movement to Bradley Stoke?
A
- Affordable housing
- Away from city life so improved standard of living and health benefits
- Growing retail sector
- Perceived to be less crime and anti social behaviour
- Safe environment
14
Q
What are the negative impacts of the movement to Bradley Stoke and other suburban areas?
A
- Businesses clustering centres around Aztec West
- Retail hypermarket Willow Brook
- Ghettoisation and segregation
- Transport networks needed
- Greenbelt enroachment
15
Q
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Bradley Stoke?
A
- A38 and M5
- Building new homes on brownfield sites
- Allowing buildings in rural areas and greenfield sites
16
Q
What is the counter-urbanisation case study?
A
Backwell, Bristol
17
Q
What are the characteristics of Backwell?
A
- Suburbanised village
- 5400 pop
- Young families
- Closure of local services
- Cul de sacs and bungalows
- Rising house prices
18
Q
What causes the movement to Backwell?
A
- 3 primary schools and secondary school with sixth form
- Commuter homes and executive housing
- Negative reaction to city life
- Car ownership means mobility
- Rising demand for second homes and earlier retirement to rural areas
19
Q
What are the positive impacts of the movement to Backwell?
A
- Increased value of property
- Better living and working conditions
- More trade for services
- Property renovated and conserved
- New employment
20
Q
What are the negative impacts of the movement to Backwell?
A
- Local people priced out of property market
- Changes to service sector (estate agents and banks replace traditional service base)
- Loss of traditional character
- Increased traffic on rural roads
21
Q
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Backwell?
A
- Ribbon development along the A370 - building houses
- New detached and semi detached houses
- A good range of facilities provided
- New settlements
22
Q
What are the two re-urbanisation case studies?
A
Southville and Stokes Croft, Bristol
23
Q
What are the characteristics of Southville?
A
- Bristol’s Lower Clifton
- Southville has been gentrified since the early 1980s
- Artists in the area - Arts Trail
- Average house price £250,000
24
Q
What are the causes of the movement to Southville?
A
- Cultural hub: Bars, restaurants, the nationally renowned Tobacco Factory theatre, Bristol Beer Factory and specialist stores
- Large scale investment and urban regneration
25
What are the impacts of the movement to Southville?
- Local people on low incomes find it difficult to purchase houses
- The size of the privately rented sector decreases
- Friction between newcomers and residents
26
What are the planning and management strategies being used in Southville?
- Previous low density development was replaced by higher densities
- All harbourside area is easily accessible by visitors - walkways and open spaces
27
What are the characteristics of Stokes Croft?
- Cultural Quarter of Bristol
- Gentrification
- Redevelopment driven by the Arts
- Increasingly middle class
- Alternative artist quarter
28
What caused the movement to Stokes Croft and other re-urbanised areas?
- Sustainable communities
- Work
- Reliable income
- Education opportunities
29
What are the impacts of gentrification in re-urbanised areas such as Stokes Croft?
- Social mix of area changes
- Increase in bars and restaurants
- Employment
- Locals on low income find it difficult to afford housing
- Private rented accommodation is sold off and reduces
- Friction between incomers and original residents
30
What are the processes operating in re-urbanised areas?
- Gentrification - renovation of older properties
- Property led regeneration
- Partnership led regeneration
- Development of sustainable communities
31
Why did Detroit go into urban decline?
- Economic disaster
- US recession
- Banks won't pay to fix up houses
- Main train station fell into disrepair
- Globalisation/ mechanisation led to unemployment
- Large businesses moved abroad
- Gangs
- Riots in 60s
- Urban prairies
- Police didn't live in the neighbourhoods
- Loss of community
- Abandoned buildings weren't looked after
- Limited retail shops and grocery stores out of the city
- Failed regeneration projects
32
Why did Hulme in Manchester need regeneration?
- High rise buildings
- ASBO hubs
- No community
- High crime rate
- Buildings infested
- Local authority grouped together unfortunate residents
33
What was done to regenerate Hulme?
- Hulme City Challenge Partnership - 3000 new homes with new shopping areas, roads and community facilities
- Houses and low rise flats
- Refurbished shopping area - ASDA supermarket
- Community centre
- Crime reduced
- Green areas and parks
- Students and families living there
34
Why was the regeneration of Hulme sustainable?
- Changed reputation
- Appearance is more appealing
- Tourist potential: 2 million visitors a year
- Science Museum, Granada Studios and Bridgewater Concert hall now main attractions
35
Why did London need regeneration?
- Population and employment decline post 1950s
- High congestion
- Lack of public transport
- Limited shopping facilities
- Urgent need for more affordable homes
- Growing homelessness
- Sustainable community needed
36
What was done to regenerate London Docklands?
```
Environmental:
- Pedestrian and cycle routes
- Open spaces
- Ecology Park and bird sanctuary
- 200,000 trees planted
Economic:
- Transport - opening of Docklands Light Railway
- 2700 businesses trading
- Building of airport
- Attraction of financial and high tech firms
- TV studios and newspapers have offices in Canary Wharf (Guardian)
Social:
- 22,000 new homes
- New shopping centre built
- Shopping centre at Canary Wharf
- Restaurant/pubs/cafes
```
37
Why was the London Docklands regeneration successful?
- More trade for shopkeepers
- Cheaper rents
- Wide range of benefits
- Greatly improved accessibility of docklands
- Criticisms that it didn't benefit original Eastenders
- Locals unable to afford new expensive houses
- Reduction in community
38
What was done to regenerate Greenwhich in London?
- Greenwhich Millennium Village
- 1377 homes built
- Sustainability, energy efficiency, waste management
- Primary school
- Health centre
39
What are the characteristics of the CBD regeneration in Cabot Circus?
- £500 million spent on regenerating CBD
- Different retail offer
- Open 10am-8pm on weekdays
- 3.6 million consumers live within 60 mins
- Offer the whole experience
40
What are the pros of Cabot Circus?
- Well connected via public transport
- Interesting retail experience
- Pedestrianised areas
- Car park open 24/7 with over 2600 spaces
41
What are the cons of Cabot Circus?
- Congestion
- Expensive parking fees
- Not all covered against weather
- Limited space for expansion
- Land prices more expensive
42
What are the characteristics of Cribbs Causeway out of town retail park?
- £500 million spent on mixed land use redevelopment by Prestige Project Developments
- Open weekdays 9.30am to 9pm
- Just off M5 and A38
- Over 150 stores and a retail park
- Service sector provided
- Combination of shopping and leisure (cinema and bowling and restaurants)
- Constant buses
43
What are the pros of Cribbs Causeway?
- Easy access
- Greater shopping choice
- Free parking with over 7000 spaces
- Room for expansion
- Combination of shopping and leisure means full day out
- Increased employment
44
What are the cons of Cribbs Causeway?
- Increase reliance on car
- Decline of town centres
- Employment mostly part time
- Lack of character
45
What other out of town retail centres could be mentioned?
Clarks Village Outlet centre
| Trafford Centre in Manchester
46
What other CBD could be mentioned?
St David's Shopping Centre Cardiff
47
How is waste in Nottingham being managed?
- Waste local plan 2002 - Covers all forms of waste
- Plan identifies potential future sites for new facilities - recycling, composting, energy recovery etc
- Encourages waste management with minimal envrionmental impacts
- 4 objectives: protecting environment, using resources, controlling pollution, encouraging awareness and involvement
- Eastcroft incinerator - energy from waste scheme in 1960s
- Incineration for energy
- Updated in 90s to Combined Heat and Power
48
What are the advantages of Nottingham's waste management?
- Covers all types of waste and introduces new technology
- Sustainable as it creates energy
- Incineration reduces CO2 emissions by 34,000 tonnes a year
- CHP provides low cost energy to 11,000 homes
- Consumer participation through enhanced public awareness
49
What are the disadvantages of Nottingham's waste management scheme?
- Plans to extend incineration are unpopular
- Incineration may lead to lessened efforts in recycling/composting
- Costs of collection, transport and reprocessing are high
- Recycling facilities are unslightly
- Waste to energy facilities are expensive to construct
50
How sustainable is Nottingham's waste management scheme?
- By 2020 the city will become self sufficient
- Majority of waste is reused
- Reliable source of fuel as people will always have waste
51
How is waste in Semakau, Singapore, being managed?
- Offshore man made island
- Lined with impermeable membrane to prevent leakage
- Covers a total area of 3.5 km
- Waste taken in dump trucks to a tipping site where its unloaded into the landfill cell
- Cells are covered with earth so grass and trees grow
- In operation since 1999
52
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the waste management scheme in Singapore?
A:
- Clean and free of smell
- Serves as a habitat for a variety of birds, fish and plants as mangroves grow
- Educational project and could serve as a model for sustainable development around the world
- Nature conservation
- National Environment Agency are looking into developing an eco park
- Scheme has increased employment
D:
- Cost of $400 million
- Risk of incinerated waste getting into the oceans
- 2 mangroves destroyed during construction
53
How sustainable is the waste management in Singapore?
- Creates habitats and provides base for scientific research
- Sustainable for over 25 years allowing the country to develop an even more sustainable strategy
A2 Geography
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