Y12 Database

Question 1

Entity

Answer 1

Thing in a database that has a distinct existence (table)

Question 2

Attribute

Answer 2

Characteristic of an entity

Question 3

Relationship

Answer 3

How entities are connected (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many)

Question 4

Table

Answer 4

Entity of a database; consists of fields and records

Question 5

Field

Answer 5

Attribute (column)

Question 6

Record

Answer 6

Unique instance of the entity (row)

Question 7

Integer

Answer 7

Number data type

Question 8

Float

Answer 8

Decimal number data type

Question 9

Boolean

Answer 9

True or false data type

Question 10

Text

Answer 10

Combination of characters

Question 11

Date

Answer 11

Day of a year

Question 12

Primary key

Answer 12

Unique identifier for each record

Question 13

Foreign key

Answer 13

Links to primary key in another table

Question 14

Composite key

Answer 14

Multiple fields combined to form a unique identifier

Question 15

Insert anomaly

Answer 15

Occurs when you can’t add new data because related data is missing

Question 16

Update anomaly

Answer 16

Updating one record requires multiple updates in different places

Question 17

Delete anomaly

Answer 17

Deleting a record unintentionally removes other important data

Question 18

ODBC

Answer 18

Standard API for accessing DBMS; allows app integration, data exchange, web services, reporting tools

Question 19

Atomicity

Answer 19

All transactions are completed or none are; ensures data integrity

Question 20

Consistency

Answer 20

Transactions bring DB from one valid state to another; ensures reliability

Question 21

Isolation

Answer 21

Concurrent transactions leave DB in same state as sequential execution

Question 22

Durability

Answer 22

Completed transactions remain so; ensures permanence and stability

Question 23

Database documentation

Answer 23

Provides structure, design, security, and troubleshooting info

Question 24

Data dictionary

Answer 24

Defines attributes of an entity; contains metadata only

Question 25

ER diagram

Answer 25

Shows entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinality (crow’s foot notation)

Question 26

Data integrity

Answer 26

Completeness, accuracy, and consistency of data

Question 27

Referential integrity

Answer 27

Ensures relationships between tables remain consistent

Question 28

Domain integrity

Answer 28

Ensures data values fall within a defined set of values

Question 29

Entity integrity

Answer 29

Ensures each record is uniquely identifiable via primary key

Question 30

Currency

Answer 30

How up-to-date the data is

Question 31

Authenticity

Answer 31

Data can be trusted as genuine and untampered

Question 32

Relevance

Answer 32

Degree to which data is applicable and useful

Question 33

Accuracy

Answer 33

Data correctly reflects real-world entities

Question 34

Outliers

Answer 34

Data points different from rest; handled by removal, transformation, imputation

Question 35

Purpose of normalisation

Answer 35

Prevents anomalies and inconsistencies

Question 36

1NF rules

Answer 36

No repeating groups; primary key; atomic values; consistent data types

Question 37

2NF rules

Answer 37

In 1NF; every non-primary attribute depends on whole primary key

Question 38

3NF rules

Answer 38

In 2NF; no transitive dependencies

Question 39

1NF→2NF

Answer 39

Remove repeating groups, identify key, separate non-atomic values

Question 40

2NF→3NF

Answer 40

Identify and remove partial dependencies

Question 41

CREATE TABLE

Answer 41

Defines new table structure

Question 42

ALTER TABLE

Answer 42

Modifies existing table (e.g., add column)

Question 43

DROP TABLE

Answer 43

Deletes table and data

Question 44

SELECT

Answer 44

Retrieves data from tables

Question 45

INSERT

Answer 45

Adds new records into table

Question 46

UPDATE

Answer 46

Modifies existing records

Question 47

DELETE

Answer 47

Removes records (with cascading deletes)

Question 48

Aggregate functions

Answer 48

COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX, MIN for calculations

Question 49

ORDER BY

Answer 49

Sorts output by chosen column

Question 50

INNER JOIN

Answer 50

Combines data across related tables

Question 51

GROUP BY

Answer 51

Groups rows for aggregate functions

Question 52

Calculated fields

Answer 52

Performs calculations (e.g., price*1.10)

Question 53

Concatenated fields

Answer 53

Combines text (e.g., first + last name)

Question 54

Aliases

Answer 54

Renames fields for readability

Question 55

Ethical data collection

Answer 55

Requires consent, minimisation, transparency, and security

Question 56

Privacy concerns

Answer 56

Encryption, anonymisation, access control

Question 57

Appropriate use of data

Answer 57

Purpose limitation and ethical decision making

Question 58

Reliability of sources

Answer 58

Verification, consistency, metadata, monitoring

Question 59

Acknowledgement of sources

Answer 59

Enhances transparency and credibility

Question 60

Data mining

Answer 60

Finds patterns; must be ethical and transparent

Question 61

Security – privacy

Answer 61

Encryption, access control, secure storage and deletion

Question 62

Backups

Answer 62

Secure backup systems and disaster recovery plans

Question 63

Restricting access

Answer 63

Only authorised users access sensitive data

Question 64

Ownership and control

Answer 64

Defines who owns organisational data

Question 65

Australian Privacy Law

Answer 65

Outlines APPs protecting personal info

Question 66

APP 5

Answer 66

Notification of collection of personal information

Question 67

APP 8

Answer 67

Cross-border disclosure

Question 68

APP 10

Answer 68

Quality of personal information

Question 69

APP 11

Answer 69

Security of personal information

Question 70

APP 12

Answer 70

Access to personal information

Question 71

Relational notation

Answer 71

Represents the structure of a relational database