Acids bases and salts > Year 13 Unit 1 Computer Science Notes AI > Flashcards

Year 13 Unit 1 Computer Science Notes AI Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Computer System?

A

A combination of hardware, software, user, and data.

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2
Q

What is the Von Neumann Architecture?

A

An architecture that stores both data and the program processing that data in the same memory, allowing for easier re-programming.

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3
Q

What does CPU stand for?

A

Central Processing Unit.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the CPU?

A

Executes programs and manages the hardware within computer systems.

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5
Q

What is the Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle?

A

A standard process describing the steps needed for processing to take place.

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6
Q

What happens in the Fetch Stage of the CPU?

A

The CPU fetches data and instructions from main memory and stores them in its temporary memory areas called Registers.

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7
Q

What is the Decode Stage in the CPU?

A

The stage where the CPU makes sense of the fetched instruction.

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8
Q

What occurs during the Execute Stage?

A

The data processing takes place, and the result is stored in a register.

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9
Q

What are the three main parts of a CPU?

A
  • Control Unit
  • Immediate Access Store (IAS)
  • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
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10
Q

What are the main jobs of the Control Unit?

A
  • Controls hardware attached to the system
  • Controls input and output of data
  • Controls flow of data within CPU
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11
Q

What is the role of the Immediate Access Store (Cache)?

A

Holds data and programs needed at that instant by the Control Unit.

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12
Q

What does the Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) do?

A

Processes data by manipulating it or acting upon it.

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13
Q

What is a Register in CPU?

A

A discrete memory location within the CPU designed to hold temporary data and instructions during the FDE cycle.

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14
Q

What does the Program Counter (PC) do?

A

Indicates which instruction needs to be fetched next and increments after each fetch.

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15
Q

What is the Memory Address Register (MAR)?

A

Contains the address of the next instruction.

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16
Q

What is the Memory Data Register (MDR)?

A

Contains the data of the instruction that has been fetched.

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17
Q

What is the Current Instruction Register (CIR)?

A

Holds the instruction that the Program Counter is pointing to.

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18
Q

What does the Accumulator do?

A

Stores data while processes are being carried out.

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19
Q

Name the three factors affecting CPU performance.

A
  • Clock Speed
  • Cache Size
  • Number of Cores
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20
Q

How does Clock Speed affect CPU performance?

A

Quicker clock speed allows more instructions to be carried out, improving performance.

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21
Q

What is the function of Cache Size in CPU performance?

A

Holds data and instructions close to the CPU for quicker access.

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22
Q

What does the Number of Cores in a CPU refer to?

A

The number of CPUs a computer has, affecting overall performance.

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23
Q

What is an Embedded System?

A

A computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints.

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24
Q

What is Parallel Processing?

A

The method of running two or more processors to handle separate parts of an overall task.

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25
What is Virtual Memory?
Uses part of the hard drive as pretend RAM when there isn't enough RAM available.
26
What is Secondary Storage?
Storage of data in a non-volatile way, preserving data even if the computer is turned off.
27
What is the difference between input and output devices?
Input devices introduce data to a computer, while output devices allow data to leave a computer.
28
What limitations do microphones have as input devices?
* Noisy environments * Different accents and dialects * Homophones
29
What is the role of a Visual Display Unit (VDU)?
Displays visual output from the computer.
30
What are the advantages of USB pen drives?
Highly portable and durable.
31
What are some disadvantages of internal hard disk drives?
Not portable.
32
What is Fragmentation?
Related data split and stored on different parts of the disk, slowing access time.
33
What is Defragmentation?
The process of rearranging files on a disk so they are no longer fragmented, improving access speed.
34
Why is defragmentation not necessary for SSDs?
SSDs use direct access to data, and defragmentation does not improve read times.
35
What types of CDs exist?
* CD-ROMs * CD-Rs * CD-RWs * DVD-Rs and RWs
36
What is Cloud Storage?
Online file storage centers that allow safe uploading of files to the internet.
37
What are some factors to consider when selecting a secondary storage device?
* Speed * Cost per storage unit * Durability * Portability * Compatibility * Purpose
38
What is the purpose of defragmentation?
Moves file segments to minimize gaps and store files in one location ## Footnote This reduces access time and speeds up disk access.
39
How does defragmentation affect SSDs?
It may perform a trim command to slightly improve future write speeds but doesn't improve read times ## Footnote SSDs have no physical read-head to move.
40
What are the advantages of using networks?
* PCs can be centrally managed * Security can be centrally managed * Users can work from any PC * Back-ups can be done centrally * New software distributed easily * PCs can communicate and share resources * PCs can share data with other PCs
41
What are the disadvantages of using networks?
* Expensive network cabling and file servers * Complicated management of large networks * File server breakdown leads to inaccessible files * Viruses can spread across the network * Hacking risks require security measures like firewalls
42
What is the difference between LAN and WAN?
LAN = Local Area Network, WAN = Wide Area Network ## Footnote LANs cover smaller areas, while WANs cover larger areas and are often composed of interconnected LANs.
43
What is the primary function of a client-server network?
To keep the network secure and manage user access through a central server ## Footnote The server handles requests from clients and manages resources.
44
What characterizes a Peer-to-Peer Network?
All computers have equal status and can communicate with each other without a central controlling computer ## Footnote Each node manages its own security and resources.
45
Define network protocol.
Set of rules governing communications between computers on a network.
46
What is the significance of standards in the computing industry?
Standards enable interoperability between programs from different manufacturers.
47
What does TCP stand for and what is its function?
Transmission Control Protocol; guarantees all data is received in order.
48
What does UDP stand for and how does it differ from TCP?
User Datagram Protocol; it is a connectionless protocol that does not verify the session before communication.
49
What is DHCP used for?
To dynamically set up basic network communications information for devices.
50
List the advantages of DHCP.
* Automatic IP assignment * Less administrative effort * No error * Provides additional info like DNS and subnet masks
51
What is SMTP used for?
Sending emails.
52
What is the main difference between POP3 and IMAP?
POP3 downloads emails and deletes them from the server; IMAP allows reading emails without downloading.
53
List features of POP3.
* Reads email offline * Easy to back up locally * Quicker search times as stored locally * Access is lost if the local computer is unavailable * Emails are lost if the computer is lost
54
List features of IMAP.
* Read emails with internet access * Back up remotely * Cannot access emails without internet * Emails stored by a third party
55
Define handshaking in networking.
Exchange of signals between two devices to establish readiness for communication.
56
What is a three-way handshake?
A method used to establish a TCP connection involving three steps: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK.
57
What is the RTS signal in hardware handshaking?
Request to send signal sent by the computer to the modem.
58
What does XON and XOFF represent in software handshaking?
* XON: Start data transmission * XOFF: Pause data transmission
59
What are logic gates?
Basic components of digital circuits that perform different logical operations.
60
What is the purpose of truth tables?
To represent all possible outcomes of a logic diagram.
61
What does De Morgan's Law state?
+ = OR, . = AND
62
What is a general identity in Boolean algebra?
Expressions can be reordered without changing their meaning.
63
What is a simple AND identity?
If both inputs are the same, the output is the same as the input.
64
What is a simple OR identity?
If both inputs are the same, the output is the same as the input.
65
How can expressions be multiplied in Boolean algebra?
By distributing each term in the brackets to simplify the expression.
66
What is the result of A + A.B in simplification?
A ## Footnote This is because A appears in both parts of the expression, simplifying to A.
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