1
Q
Upper motor neuron lesion
A
- Muscle weakness (pyramidal weakness)/ paresis
- Spasticity, increased muscle tone -> Clasp-knife response where initial higher resistance to movement is followed by a lesser resistance
- Increased deep tendon reflexes
- Decreased or absence of superficial reflexes
- Pathological reflexes: Babinski sign, pronator drift
2
Q
Lower motor neuron lesion
A
- Muscle paresis or paralysis
- Hypotonia or atonia – Tone is not velocity dependent
- Hyporeflexia (decreased or absence of both deep reflexes and cutaneous reflexes)
- Muscle atrophy
- Fibrillations or fasciculations (caused by increased receptor concentration on muscles to compensate for lack of innervation)
3
Q
Extrapyramidal symptoms
A
- Altered quantity and velocity of movement (bradykinesia/ hyperkinesia)
- Altered muscle tone (hypotonia/ hypertonia)
- Involuntary movement (tremors, chorea, dystonia, ballismus)
- Akathisia - a feeling of internal motor restlessness that can present as tension, nervousness, or anxiety
- Altered posture reflexes
4
Q
Cerebellar symptoms symptoms
A
- Ataxia
- Intention tremor
- Dysmetria (undershoot or overshoot of intended position with the hand, arm, leg, or eye)
- Dysdiadochokinesia (impaired ability to perform rapid, alternating movements)
- Dysarthria - speech disorder (motor, scanning speech)
- Nystagmus (involuntary movement of the eye)
- Ataxic Gait -> wide-based gait
- Muscle hypotonia
5
Q
Bulbar palsy symptoms symptoms
A
- dysarthria
- dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
- difficulty in chewing
- absent or decreased jaw jerk
- palate paralysis + absent/ decreased gag reflex
- atrophic tongue or its fasciculations or tongue paresis
6
Q
Pseudobulbar palsy symptoms symptoms
A
- dysarthria
- dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing)
- difficulty in chewing
- brisk jaw jerk
- Positive primitive (atavistic) reflexes = frontal release signs (ex. snout reflex = Pout)
- Small, stiff and spastic tongue
- Labile affect -> involuntary laugh or cry
7
Q
Frontal lobe lesion symptoms
A
- Contralateral muscle weakness/ paralysis
- Eyes look toward brain lesion
- Motor aphasia
- Frontal release (primitive) signs
- Dyspraxia/ Apraxia
- Loss of urinary sphincter control
- Behaviour symptoms
- Epileptic attack -> simple partial motor, adversive (sudden, long look of both eyes in one direction)
8
Q
Behaviour symptoms of frontal lobe lesion symptoms
A
- Disinhibition (lack of restraint, criticism)
- Deficits in concentration and orientation
- Impaired judgement
- Impaired ablitity to plan, abstract thinking
- Moria, overcheerfulness
9
Q
Nondominant parietal cortex lesion symptoms
A
- Impaired contralateral sensation
- Cortical sensory defects: contralateral agnosia, astereognosia, agraphesthesia, defects in two point discrimination
- Loss of lower quadrant of vision -> opposite to the lesion in both eyes
- Contralateral hemineglect
- Epileptic attack -> simple partial sensory
10
Q
Dominant parietal cortex lesion symptoms
A
- Symptoms of nondominant parietal cortex lesion +
- Agraphia
- Acalculia
- Finger (touching) agnosia
- Left-right disorientation
- Amnestic Aphasia
11
Q
Temporal cortex lesion symptoms
A
- Short memory amnesia
- Loss of upper quadrant of vision -> opposite to the lesion in both eyes
- Receptive (Wernicke) aphasia (only in dominating hemisphere)
- Depression
- Extensive irritability
- sexual disinhibition
- Epileptic attack -> complex partial
12
Q
Occipital cortex lesion symptoms
A
- Contralateral (visual field) hemianopsia (with intact macular fields)
- Inability to follow finger with eyes
- Visual agnosia, Color agnosia
- Alexia
- Epileptic attack -> simple visual
13
Q
Demetia general symptoms
A
- Amnesia and learning difficulties
- Impaired judgement, abstract thinking
- Impaired understanding, space orientation
- Other cortical defects: aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, acalculia, dysgraphia
- Behavioural changes: agression, arousal, depression
14
Q
Parkinsonism symptoms
A
Bradykinesia + 1 out of 2:
1. Rest tremor
2. Rigidity
+ postural instability
15
Q
Brainstem lesion symptoms
A
Ipsilateral
- Sensory deficits (face, V nerve)
- Horner syndrome
- IX and X nerve palsy
Contralateral
- Motor and Sensory deficits from spinal nerves
- Nystagmus
+ hiccup
+ Vertigo
16
Q
Horner syndrome symptoms
A
Ptosis - drooping of the upper eyelid Anhidrosis - decreased sweating Miosis - constriction of the pupil Enophthalmos - posterior displacement of the eyebal Loss of ciliospinal reflex
+ Heterochromia iridum -> in congenital Horner syndrome -> difference in coloration of the iris
17
Q
Meningitis symptoms
A
- Headache
- Nausea or Emesis
- Hypersensitivity
- Nuchal rigidity
- Positive meningeal signs: Brudziński, Kernig
18
Q
Capsular lesion symptoms
A
- Contralateral hemiparesis
- Contralateral sensory deficit
- Central facial paresis
19
Q
Thalamic lesion symptoms
A
- Contralateral sensory deficit (with the face)
- Pain in this location
- Contralateral thalamic hand
- Involumentary movements (choreoathetosis - chorea + athetosis [twisting and writhing])
- Consciousness disorders
- Cognitive disorders
20
Q
Cerebellopontine angle syndrome
A
- VIII nerve palsy (ear buzzing, hearing loss, vertigo)
- V nerve palsy
- VII nerve palsy
- Cerebellar symptoms (ipsilateral)
- Upper motor syndrome (contralateral)
- Advanced cases -> IX-XII palsy and intracranial hypertension
21
Q
Transverse myelitis symptoms
A
- Paraplegia / tetraplegia -> first flaccid then spasity
- Absent deep tendon reflexes
- Sensory deficits
- Sphincter disfunction
- Autonomic dysfunction: impotence, increasing sweating
22
Q
Conus medullaris symptoms
A
- Impaired sensation in perinaeum and medial thighs (S3-5)
- Flaccid paralysis of urinary bladder and anal sphincter + impotence
- Absent anal and bulbocavernous reflex
23
Q
Cauda equina syndrome symptoms
A
- Impaired sensation and pain in perinaeum, gluteus and dorsal part of thighs (saddle anesthesia)
- Low back and radicular pain
- Foot, Gluteus and knee flexors muscles paralysis
- Absent Achilles reflex, usually also knee reflex
- Sometimes sphincter disfunction and impotence
24
Q
Hemiparaplegic syndrome symptoms
A
= Brown-Séquard syndrome
- Ipsilateral spastic weakness
- Ipsilateral touch, vibration and location sense loss
- Contralateral pain and temprature sense loss
- Autonomic dysfunction -> sweating, vessels
- On the level of injury (segmental sings): flaccid paralysis, LMN symptoms and sensory deficit
25
Central spinal cord syndrome symptoms
1. First -> sensory loss (pain and temperature) at the level of the lesion
2. Then: bilateral spastic muscle paralysis (affecting more muscle at the level of lesion)
3. After that: spinobulbothalamic sensation loss
4. After that: LMN and autonomic symptoms at the level of the lesion
26
Radiculopathy symptoms
1. Pain, parestesias and sensory loss in proper dermatome
2. Muscle weakness supplied by appropiate root
3. Appropiate muscle atrophy
4. Absent or decreased reflexes in these muscles
5. Fasciculation in these muscles
27
Mononeuropathy symptoms
1. Flaccid paralysis
2. Absent / decreased reflex
3. Sensory loss
4. Tinel Sign -> lightly tapping over the nerve to elicit parastesias
5. Sometimes autonomic disorders
28
Polyneuropathy symptoms
1. Distal sensory loss
2. Paresthesias and burning pain
3. Flaccid distal muscle weakness with atrophy
4. Fasciculations
5. Absent or decreased deep tendon reflexes
6. Autonomic disorders
29
Autonomic symptoms in polyneuropathy
1. Orthostatic hypotension
| 2.
30
Myopathy symptoms
1.
31
Acute Encephalopathy symptoms
1.
32
Chronic Encephalopathy symptoms
1.
33
Subthalamic nucleus symptoms
1.
34
Mammillary bodies bilateral symptoms
1.
35
Amygdala symptoms
1.
36
Dorsal midbrain symptoms
-> Parinaud syndrome
37
Tabes dorsalis symptoms
1.
38
Vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
1.
39
Anterior spinal artery syndrome symptoms
1. Bilateral loss of motor (UMN below and LMN at the lesion level) and autonomic functions
2. Loss of spinothalamic sensation -> pain, temperature
3. Preservation of vibration, pressure, touch and proprioreception
40
Hippocampus bilateral symptoms
1.
41
Foramen magnum syndrome
1. "around the clock pattern" -> first ipsilateral shoulder and arm than ipsilateral leg than contralateral leg and than contralateral arm
2. smaller lesions -> only leg weakness (leg fibers cross more caudally to arm ones)
Neurologia
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
# Cards
