Year 3 > Zool 343 > Flashcards

Zool 343 Flashcards

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1
Q

Allomones

A

Cross species, secretes into environment

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2
Q

pheromones

A

single species, secretes externally

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3
Q

horomones

A

single species, secreted internally

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3
Q

How do confocal lens work

A

Confocal microscopy works by slicing the image apart by imaging at different focal length and then stitching them together digitally

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4
Q

Prototheria

A

Egg development

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5
Q

Metatheria

A

Pouch development

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6
Q

Eutheria

A

Internal development

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7
Q

Melatonin rate limiting enzyme and place of produciton

A

N-acylserotonin (NAT) and Pineal gland

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8
Q

Scotophase

A

Darkness during the light dark cycle

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9
Q

photophase

A

light during the light dark cycle

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10
Q

What two neruotransmitters stimulate the pinealocyte into relaseing melatonin

A

Norepinephine and neuropeptideY

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11
Q

What is the SCN

A

timekeeper portion of the brain, stimulated directly by optic nerve via retinohypothalmic tract

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12
Q

main output of SCN

A

Medial forebrain bunde and then the superior cervical ganglion

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13
Q

how does light affect vertebrate and verebrate animals differently in melatonin production

A

mammals rely on optic RHT stimulating the SCN and pineal, while other vertebrates have light sensing organs on their pineal, hypothalmus nd optic nerves

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14
Q

What genes ar einvolved in master clocks

A

Cry, PER2, Bmal, Clock

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15
Q

where are clock genes expressed in antenna having animals

A

antennae and hypothalmus

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16
Q

rate limiting enzyme of catechloamines and their place of production

A

neruons + glial cells, Tyrosine hydroxylase

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17
Q

Precursor of Serotonin

A

5-HIAA

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18
Q

Keys in receptors

A

all receptors will have a master key(molecule that opens all or stimulates all the receptors)

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19
Q

What secondary signallaer is in GPCR

A

Camp, produced by adenyl cyclase

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20
Q

WHat does CAMP phosphorylate

A

PKA

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21
Q

PLC and what does it trigger

A

Phospholipidase C phosphorylates PIP2 into IP3 which alongside DAG(which triggers PKC) signalls downwards

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22
Q

What reverses cAMP

A

phosphodiesterase

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23
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Receptors

A

Ras, RAF. RAF stimulates MEK, which phosphorylates MAPK

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24
Precursor to all steroids and their sites of production
cholesterol, Liver and adrenal glands
25
Rate limiter of steroids
STAR
26
Rate limiter of estrogens
Aromatase
27
what are zinc fingers
zinc fingers are critical in steroid receptor as they allow for the binding of specific TF
28
Procursor of T4 and T3, ad which is active
T3 is active, Tyrosine makes T4 and then T4 is deiodinated in the thyroid
29
Wha three pars make up the Anterior pituitary
Pard distalis, intermediate and tuberalis
30
What two pars make up the Posterior pituitary
pars nervosa, median emergyence
31
5 neruosecretary centers of the hypothalmus
PMN, VDM, VDN, SON, ARC
32
Key horomones produced in anterior pituitary
ACTH, LH, GH, TSH, FSH
33
How to releasing horomones act on the hypothalmus and pitutaries
RH are relaased form the neurosecretary centers and travel dwon the ME, where they are then interfacing with posteiror pitutaary glands to form horomones -trope (corticotrope, lactotrope, GOnadotrope, thyrotrope)
34
Category 1 horomones
Refer to glycoproteins
35
Category 2 horomones
large protein horomones
36
ategory 3 horomones
small protein horomones
37
Kisspeptin
GnRH promotor horomone
38
nonapeptides
peptides hypothesised to affect vasopressin and oxytocin signallin
39
HPA in chordates
extreely primative, lacking most HPA mammal strucutres
40
HPA in hagfish
Missing ME
41
Teleost HPA
more similar to mammals, more defined
42
Aphibian HPA
MPOA presence,larget SCN
43
Reptillian and bird HPA
Much more similar to mammals, presence of recognizable strucutres (SON, PVN)
44
Thyroid vs PArathyroid
thyroid produces T4 T3 horomones from tyrosine, parathyroid releaseds and produces calcitonin
45
How doe TPO enyme affect t3 production
TPO iodizes thyroglobulin and couples tyrosine molecules, the DIO will rmeove iodine from T4 to make boactive T3
46
What effet can radioactive iodide have on ovaries
oocytes destroyed by iodide
47
thyroid evolution and strucutres across different species is
mostly conserved
48
what is the endostype
iodated mucous produceing gland int eh mouth and pharynx of select organisms, gave rise to the thryoid
49
three zones of adrenal medulla
glomerlusa, Fasciulita, reticulus
50
Zona glomerulosa stimulant and product
ANG II, Aldosterone
51
Zona fasciulitia stimulant and product
ACTH, corticosterones
52
Zona reticulus
ACTH, LH, DHEA, Androgens,
53
WHat horomone relase changes during early development and the onset of puberty
DHEA
54
corticoid mechanism
increase blood sugar, increase sugar genesis, decrease insulin activity
55
edulla of andrenal glands prodecs what
epinephrine and norepinenphine
56
Allostatic load
cost for an organism to maintain status quo
57
how deos the ody repsond to drop sin blood pressure
vesodilation reults in renin release, which triggers ANG1, which i coverted by ACE into ANG II(and ACE 2 into ANG III), which goes to trigger vasocronstriction, aldosterone relase, etc
58
ADH vs Aldosterone
ADH promotes sodium release, more pee and lower blood pressure
59
How does ACTH affect MSH
ACTH can bidna nd activate MSH to relase melanocytes and pigment the body
60
What is a key enzyme the adrenal medulla possesse that turns NE to E
PNMT
61
Agnathan Fishes adrenal glands
precursors of cortisol found, MSH bind to ACTH
62
Chondricythean fishes adrenal glands
single adrenal gland, aldosterone intermediate unique
63
teleosts adrenal glands
bony fish have dispered andrenal glads in kedney
64
Amphibia andrenal glands
CRH stimulates ACTH and TSH
65
Birds and Reptillia adrenal glands
defined and seperate adrenal glands from kidneys
66
Renin Macula Densa in non mammals is present in which
Birds only
67
HPG axis controlled by LH and FSHWhat us broken heart disease and what is its cure
describes the asymptomatic enlagening of heart chambers, treated with ADR blockers. caused by suffen changes in NE or E expression or tumors
68
Which gene pushed for testes development
sry
69
Which gene pushes for ovary development developemnt
Wnt
70
Organizational effect
cannot be reversed
71
activational effect
canbe inducedE
72
estruous cycle
repeated endcrinal events
73
Estrus
short period where feamle is reproductively capable
74
diestruous
not pregnant
75
monestruous
female does not return to breeding cycle until after to next breeding season
76
menstrual cycle
shedding of the endo nd myometriums
77
Gonadostat hypothesis for puberty
decreased feedback sensitivity
78
missing link hypothesis for puberty
brain is incompetent
79
activation inhibition
pineal gland and melatonin surpess reporductivtive growth until time comes
80
what do androgen do to male testes
sialic acid, matures sperm
81
What does LH do to male testes
stimulate tetsotrone production
82
oxytocin purpose in testes
ejaculation
83
which cells are sperms produced in
sertoli cells, spermatocytes become spermatidss
84
what does FSH do in male testes
inhibit spermatogenesis
85
der of follicle development and follicle fate
Primary, secondary, antular, preovulatory, luteum
85
HWat cells are involved int two cell model of steroidogenesis
thecal cells, granulosa cells. Cholesterol enters the thecal cells and is protomoted by lutenizing horomone to turn into androgen, andgrogen is then moved into blood or into the granulosa cells and stimulated by FSH and Aromatases into estrogen. similar method for testes but FSH and LH on leydig, which will move to sertoli
86
DAX1 gene purpose and oriignin
X crhomosome, selection for male testes and develpment
87
What signaller is required for birth and where isit produced
CRH, Placentally for most eutherians. some fetusses are CRH producers
88
How does Lh affect ovulation
Afects RAS and PI3K signalling, which in turn lead to production of oocyte maturation, rupture ad steroidogenesis
89
how do anamniote testes differ from human testes
more cystic development
90
What rotein does yolk need and hwere is it synthesized
vitellogen, liver, stimulated by estrogen
91
Gonochronistic
seperate sexes
92
Unisex vs Ambisex
All members one sex vs all members hermaphroditic
93
Leptin interfaces with whoch protein fir it's cascade and what does ot effect
ObRb, likely blocks orexic action of ghrelin
94
95
Nesfatli receptor type
Gpcr
96
Anoxygenucs
Leptin, cck
97
Oxygeniv
Ghrelin, orexin, npy. Galanin
98
Cephalic
Think, percep
99
100
Gastric
Food in stomachch
101
Chief cells
Pepsinogen
102
103
Acid comtpl
Gastrin, cck, secretin
104
What cell makes gip
K cell
105
Mtolin va vIp
Motoring activates muscle Uncle movement, vip surpasses it, small intestinal ve neruons
106
Pancreas secretions
Langerhands secretes glucagon, insulin, ghrl8n
107
Irisin
Horomone secreted by muscle cells to recruit more brown adipose tissue, increasing MR
108
Amphibian orexin
Located in SCN, tied to feeding behavior. Not in birds
109
A cells
GLUCAGON
110
B cells
INSULIN
111
D cells
Somatostatin
112
What cell distribution is more similar between telepsts amphibians and humans
B cells, agnathan fishes have absent a cells
113
Ghrelin promotes hunger in most animals except
Fish sometimes
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