1
Q
classical era
A
- 600BCE - 600CE
- greek, roman, han, maurya, gupta, persians, mayans
2
Q
hinduism
A
- earlist known organized religion
- written codes, class of religious leaders
- caste system
- indus river valley
- religious texts: vedas, upanishads, AFTER centuries of oral traditions - along w/ caste system, the strongest social glue in S asia
3
Q
buddhism
A
unlike hinduism, it supported spiritual equality n missionary activity
- ‘reform’ of hinduism by prince siddhartha gautama
- began in S asia 500BCE
4
Q
confucianism
A
- kong fuzi established codes of behavior, gender n family duties
- philosophy, NOT religion
- neo-confucianism emerged over time; included aspects of buddhism and daoism; promised eternal reward 4 faithfulness to confucian teachings (1200CE, E SE asia)
- sayings written after his death in The Analects
- beginning around 500BCE, when china was undergoing pol turmoil during warring states period, teachings of confucius became the bedrock of that society
- remained strong over the centuries
5
Q
christianity
A
- reform of judaism
- jesus named disciple peter as 1st successor
6
Q
han empire
A
- technology far ahead of civs of the same era
- capital - chang’an (modern day xi’an)
7
Q
mandate of heaven
A
- emperor in china would stay in power as long as the heavens were satisfied w/ his rule. if dynasty died out of was overthrown, it’s sign that emperor lost mandate
- a continuity that added stability to society
- In China, peasant revolts were seen as a sign the emperor
might be losing his mandate of heaven.
8
Q
chinese exam system
A
- began w/ han dynasty
- lasted until early 1900s
- possible but rare for low-born citizens to rise to political prominence
- state-sponsored exams
9
Q
mediterranean civs
A
- classical greek n roman
- romans borrwed a lot from greeks
10
Q
hellenism
A
blend of greek + local styles.
- spread by alex the great as he conquered the persian empire
- short-lived macedonian empire stretched from egypt to india
11
Q
maurya/gupta empires
A
- south asia; geographically extensive n powerful
- maurya came first
- these empires were exceptions to the trend of political fragmentation in south asian history
- MAURYAN emperor ashoka was an early supporter of buddhist missionary activity
- gupta: concept of 0, efficient numbering system (introduced to west as ‘arabic numerals’), medical advacnes
12
Q
bantu migrations
A
- occurred over classical n post-class era
- 1500 BCE - 1000 CE
- began in central africa
- bantu-speaking ppls migrated south and east, spreading a common language base, animal herding, agriculture knowledge, metal-working technology
- bantu langs became standard in S and E africa; ex: swahili
13
Q
silk road
A
connected east asia to northern india and central asia
- indirectly to mediterranean, west africa, northern europe
- camel and horse caravan routes
14
Q
indian ocean trade network
A
- connected to silk roads
- merchants carried religion (esp buddh + islam into E and SE asia) and exchanged items
- connected China and SE asia to africa, mid east, S asia
- depended on ocean currents and wind; merchants had to plan according to monsoon winds
- arab shipbuilding n navigation skills spread quickly along sea trade routes
15
Q
fall of classical empires
A
- han (220CE)
- western roman empire (476)
- gupta (mid-500s)
16
Q
trans-sahara trade
A
- impt west african trade centers: djenne, gao, timbuktu
- sahara is in north africa
- trade peaked 700s - 1500s
- CAMELS main mode of transport
- out of africa: gold, salt, animal hides, ivory, slaves
- in: islamic faith (600 - 1450), camels
17
Q
caliphate
A
- unlike christianity, islam had no clear rules of succession after muhammad
- islam fragmented into regional states called caliphates, each led by a caliph
18
Q
crusades
A
- series of christian vs muslim military campaigns for ‘holy land’ in SW asia and parts of byzantine empire
- 1096 - 1291
- politically, european christians failed to permanently regain much land, but Culturally, the Crusades resulted in great advancements
for the Europeans, who, for example, rediscovered
Roman and Greek literature that Muslim scholars had
maintained for centuries. - The science, math, and philosophies of those
Classicalcivilizations began an intellectual revival in 1300s, 1400s (renaissance) - This started western Europe on a path toward
global hegemony (control) in1800s
19
Q
dar-al islam
A
- region in which islam is dominant
- spain and NW africa to S, SE asia
20
Q
diffusion of religions
A
600 - 1450 C B I - C, I: "sword mission" by force - B, C : spread by missionary monks - trade routes
21
Q
byzantine empire
A
- eastern roman empire, HQ constantinople (instanbul, turkey), continued for another thousand years after 476CE (until mid 1400s)
- constantinople: key center that linked trade routes
- greatest legal contribution: code of justinian - codification of Roman law that kept ancient
Roman legal principles alive - During most of its history, the Byzantine Empire was in
conflict with nearby Muslim caliphates and by the end
Ofthe period was On the verge of collapse at the hands
Of Muslim forces.
22
Q
tang, song dynasties
A
under them, china
- had world’s largest population
- most adv tech
- most splendid cities
- they reestablished gov stability (after fall of han) in E asia, providing security, actively supported trade b land n sea
- GOLDEN AGE
23
Q
sinification
A
spread of chinese culture. esp during tang and song dynasties, influence on korea, japan, vietnam
24
Q
black death
A
- a pandemic disease
- aka bubonic plague
- may’ve originated along trade routes near black sea
- attr to expansion of trade under MONGOL rule in E, C asia
- from there, entered black sea region
- in mid-1300s, it wiped out as much as 1/3 of western europe’s population
25
mayan states
- mesoamerica
- like egyptians, had pyramids, large cities, written language (made it stand out in the americas), complex society
- largest city: tikal; featured largest structure in americas until late 1800s - tall temple
- height: 250 - 900
- studied astronomy
- irrigation, terracng of hillsides
- maintained power thru military coercian, tribute system, trade
- human sacrifice impt in religion
26
mesoamerica
southern mexico, parts of central america
27
corvee
gov-required labor on public works projects
28
feudalism
- In the feudal system in western Europe and Japan, most
farm laborers were serfs, but by the end of the post-classical era,
serfdom was in decline in western Europe.
- system where ppl served as agricultural workers for landowners
- regional armies fought over land rights at the bidding of their local lords
- elite warriors called knights, samurai
29
zheng he
- repping power of MING dynasty
- explorer, led enormous expeditions, crossed indian ocean, traveled to spice islands of SE asia in early 1400s
- In the early 1400s, China sent fleets of ships
to the Indian Ocean region as a show of might and
because of sheer curiosity about the world beyond
its borders. They sent enormous "treasure ships" that
were 400 feet long and carried thousands of sailors
commanded by the Chinese Muslim Admiral Zheng He.
- Zheng He brought back to the Ming court all kinds
of animals, plants, goods, and people from Africa
and India, but after 28 years and three explorations,
the Ming emperor's advisers convinced him that the
expeditions were too expensive and that China had little
to gain from them. After all, they reasoned, the Middle
Kingdom was the greatest in the world. Thus, as the
Portuguese began a series of explorations along Africa's
west coast, China chose to withdraw its fleet from the
Indian Ocean. China had the capacity to sail in force
anywhere it wanted to, and refused.
30
inca empire
- centered in ANDES mntns in western south america
- built on previous cultures in their region
- extended along western coast, result of conquest + diplomacy
- peak: 1400s
- declined rapidly after conquistadors arrived early 1500s
31
european explorations
- rulers sought increase in trade of spices, silk, others
- order: P S E F, and, to a lesser extent, Netherlands
- initiated 1st truly global contacts
32
columbian exchange
combus' expeds to americas triggered exchanges of plants, animals, technology, diseases on worldwide level
- gave europe new worldwide power
33
atlantic world
- esp impt 1450 - 1900
- ppl, politics, religions, goods, ideas tht crossed back n forth over Atlantic after columbus' journeys connected europe/africa + americas
34
mercantilism
European monarchs used raw materials (sugar, furs, silver, lumber) from the
colonies to manufacture products from those materials
to sell globally. The idea was to have a positive balance
of trade.
- these products were processed and sold by companies from the owner (mercantilist) nation all over the world
- each mercantilist nation competed w/ others to amass n keep as many colonies as it could
> Governments put taxes—tariffs—on imported products
from rival nations. They also went into business with
private companies who traded globally. The British East
India Company (EIC) is an important example.
> With the cooperation of the government, the British
EIC made and enforced its own laws, approved ship
schedules and cargoes, and negotiated commerce
agreements with rulers all over the world.
- particularly EFN
35
atlantic slave trade
- european mercantilists needed many laborers to work on large caribbean sugar plantations
- millions were seized and shipped from WEST africa via middle passage
36
encomienda system
- spanish practiced used in amerian colonies n philippines
- spanish settlers were granted tracts of land + permitted to use native ppl already living on that land as indentured servants, to work the land
37
mughal empire
- muslim empire in south asia; mid1500s - mid1800s
- famous leaders: akbar
- religious tolerance
- taj mahal built
- leaders claimed 2 b descended frm mongols
38
syncretism
- amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought
- 'world-class' religion must b flexible enough to adapt to local customs as it spreads
- when B spread into E and SE asia, buddha became god-like provider of eternal salvation (MAHAYANA)
39
printing press
- developed in china 500CE
- technology moved along trade routes, arriving in germany in 1400s
- short western alphabet great benefit in printing
40
ottoman empire
- 1200s - early 1900s
- muslim empire that expanded from SW asia into parts of north africa and Eastern Europe
- ruled by Ottoman Turks
41
industrialization
- began england mid1700s
| - spread to russia, asia, americas by end of 1800s
42
enlightenment
- foundations in scientific study and reason
- basic tenets: individual rights - freedom of speech, gov participation
- influenced amer and french revs, which in turn inspired political revs around the world
43
capitalism
offshoot of enlightenment; strongly attached to indus rev
- economic system based on individual economic development
- private investors use $ (capital) to invest in potentially profitable activiites
- adam smith: english proponent of it
44
marxism
Karl Marx was considered the most radical activist among
those calling for political change.
- In 1848, commenting on the plight of the working poor
in London, Marx's "Communist Manifesto" demanded
overthrow of the "haves" ("bourgeoisie") by the "havenots"
("proletariat").
- He envisioned the creation of a classless society where all
people were politically, socially, and economically equal.
At the time, the few people who read his materials
thought these ideas had no chance of success.
45
nationalism
- belief tht a group of ppl w/ similar cultural bckgrnds rightly belong togehter in 1 nation
- became popular in western europe 1800s and spread globally, leading to many wars for indep, esp in latin america
46
age of revolutions
- MID 1800S!!
- many revs seeking pol + soc change occurred, inspired by enlightenment n french rev
- latin america: most countries successfully revolted against european control
47
imperialism
- **1800s**
- the policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies
- western europe, russia, japan, US
- at its peak, BRITAIN claimed colonies in 1/2 of africa and much of S and SE asia
48
resistance to western hegemony
- local resistance to european imperialism was widepsread
- chinese gov tried to stop englands importation of opium
- anticolonial rebellions broke out in africa
- india: national congress promoted self-rule
49
meiji restoration
- in an attempt to compete w/ West's industrial and political power, japan reorganized its gov in **late 1800s**
- emperor's power reestablished
- japan westernized its industrial base and even its society
50
19th cent migrations
- indusrev included improvements in transportation
- pushed by revs and poor livin conditions
- pulled by stories of opportunitiesi
- millions of ppl, esp europeans but also S and E asians migrated to the americas in 1800s
51
indentured servitude
- part of 19th-cent migrations: end of slavery in areas under western control
- thousands of S asians migated to south africa and the caribbean as agricultural indentservs
- east asians indentservs in americas
52
open door policy
- beginning of 1900s
- US flexed its new global muscles by proposing that US, Japan, european powers share open access to trade w/ china
- weak chinese gov unable to resist economic and political influence of these nations
- widely regarded as a sign of the 'arrival' of the US in global affairs
53
2nd indus rev
- last half of 1800s
- 1st: mechanization of agriculture and textiles
- 2nd: focus cahanged to innovations in electricity, chemistry, transportation, steel
54
the world wars
- among "great powers" - europe, asia, US
- caused in part by massive military production made possible by indusrev and by global competition for territories during age of imperialism
- results: decline of western europe, rise of US + soviet union in 2nd half of 1900s
55
the great depression
- btwn 2 WWs
- global economic disaster struck industrialized natiosn around the world
- end of WWI - US had world's largest econoy; when it failed late 1920s, economies of much of the rest of the world were severely affected
- 2 maj results: authoritarian govs and WWII
56
authoritarianism
- rejection of democratic forms of gov in germany, itality, russia, japan
- communism and fascism (growing military aggression of fascist govs was a cause of WWII)
- single-party led by a strongman w/ dictatorial powers was thought to b a more efficient system than democracy
57
communism
- proposed by marx from germany in mid1800s
- put in place in vladimir lenin in rusia in early 1900s
- spread around the globe in 1900s
- gov attempts to direct economy and provide services for all
58
decolozniation
maj global devlpmt after WWII: europe went thru process of getting rid of colonial empires roudn the world
- colonies in africa, S, SE asia regained indep
59
partition
- largest british colony, india, partitioned itself along religious lines when it gained indep in 1947, forming india (w/ hindu majority) and pakistan
- 1971: east pakistan separated from pakistan to become bangladesh (both muslim majorities)
- for many decades afterward, pakistan and india were major rivals in the S asia region
60
cold war
- aim fo r each side was to keep the other from increasing its pol+econ influence around the world
- ended when soviet union fell apart in late 1900s
61
multinational/transnat corp
- does business in more than 1 country
- british and dutch east india companies of 1700s
- after WWII this business model became common
62
pacific rim
- 2nd half of 1900s, strong economies developed on both sides of the pacific
- usually refers to economies based in nations such as china, japan, australia, SK, singapore
63
chinese revs
- early 1900s: rev in china against emperor led to limited democracy
- after WWII, communists led by mao overthrew that gov
- until late 1900s, communist china was relatively isolated from global economic involvement
- after mao's death, china opened its ecnomic system to allow capitalist development, and its economy boomed
64
apartheid
- pol+soc policy in south africa in **mid1900s** separated whites and blacks; granted white MINORITY many rights tht black MAJORITY was denied
- reversed in late1900s after decades of global pressure; majority rule established
65
feminism
- enlightenment roots
- largely a 1900s movement
- began in western democracies
- counterexamples: middle east, africa, asia
66
globalization
- 'shrinking world' resulting from increased economic and communications connections
- term became esp popular in late 1900s
- not everyone was content
67
historiography
- 'historical interpretation'
| - study of the study of history -- the diff ways tht historians interpret the past at diff times
68
periodization
- describes possible alternatives to 'turning pt dates' tht historians mark
- Neolithic Rev (8000BCE) occurred earlier in middle east than in americas
- Classical Era ended 600CE, but Han and western roman empire fell long before
69
neolithic rev
- aka agricultural rev; 8000BCE; occurred in areas w/ rich oil, abundant water - usually RIVER VALLEYS
- starting in SW asia (mesopotamia), ppl deliberately planted seeds (agriculture) and harvested craps instead of constantly roaming around
- ppl chose to stay in these fertile areas and build permanent shelters
- nile river in (N africa), yellow river valley (E asia), indus river valley (S asia)
- animals domesticated; diseases were increasingly trasnferred btwn humans and animals due to closer contact
70
neolithic rev periodization
- agriculture develoeped in china 2000yrs after mesopotamia (6000BCE)
- in andes (modern-day peru) and mesoamerica, 2500BCE
71
metals
during neorev, humans learned how to melt metals like iron, gold, tin, copper, silver, gold to create cooking utsensils, weapons, religious figureines
- bronze (tin + copper) greatly valued b/c it could hold a sharp edge, unlike most early manufactured metals
- iron was a hard metal that, once refined, was used to make weapons and plow tips
72
1st writing systems
- more food available, storing food became an impt fnction
- keeping acct of how much food (grain) availalbe led to
- cuneiform (mesop), hieroglyphics (egypt)
73
civilization
societies that have cities
74
1st cities
- mesopotamia and nile valley
- 4000BCE
- buildings made of stone and sun-dried bricks
- discovered tht by stacking bicks into arch, multistory buildings could be created
- pol and relg leaders often same prson
75
monumental structures
elites had palaces built for themselves
76
code of hammurabi
It distinguished between major and minor
offenses (a big deal at the time) and it established a sense of justice and
fairness by applying the laws to nearly everyone (the beginnings of
“rule of law”).
- 'an eye for an eye'
77
1st empires
- cities close to one another, common language, common religion began to untie to form early empires
- babylonians of mesop and egyptians
- led by kinds who claimed their authority came from the gods
78
1st literature
- common theme: world's creation, meaning of life
- mesop: epic of gilgamesh; questions about life n death, explored human relationships
- rig veda (indus valley), book of the dead (egypt) - origin of the earth and its ppls; destiny of humans after this life
79
pastoralists
- nomadic ppl who herded domesticated animals
- central asia, arabian peninsula, parts of africa
- didn't participate in agriculture
- fostered connections btwn settled areas -- transferred technology, goods, ideas
80
early monotheistic religions
- hebrew - SW asia
| - zoroastrianism - central asia
81
hinduism development
- influenced by ARYAN ppls of central asia, by concepts from the Vedic religions bought in by indo-european group and from local traditions
- no single founder; devlped over many yrs in S asia out of a blending of various religiosu traditions, many of which were brought in from outside the region
82
hindu belief
in 1 overall god-spirit (Great Soul of the Universe), but believes that is reels itself to humanity in many forms
83
caste system
- all living things
- thru cycles of birth, death, reincarnation, believers hoped to elevate their souls to the highest level of spirituality (MOKSAH), when they become 1 w/ Brahman, the Great Soul
- process could take many hundreds or thousands of lifetimes
- karma: 1's social position in this life was a sign of good/bad deeds in previous life
- 5 maj levels
- lowest: Untouchables
84
buddhism beliefs
- maintained hinduism's belief in reincarnation but spiritually there's no caste system
- everyone shared same ability to reach nirvana, the state of perfect oneness w/ great spirit of universe
- the closer one was to nirvana, the less trouble he'd be by the cares of this world
- supported exisstence of castes as a temporary, worldly condition
- the pt to life and to achieving nirvana was to bring about the end of suffering
- questions about the existence of god were immaterial ; those who followed the 8fold path would find out whether theres a Supreme Being when they reached nirvana
85
4 noble truths
- in life theres suffering
- suffering comes from selfish desire
- those seeking path to nirvana should strive to end suffering
- done by following 8fold path
86
B vs C
- both taught spiritual equality of all believers
- B didn't promise eternal life to his followers; jesus did
- both offered religious community to women by allowing them to serve as nuns
- membership in community of nuns offered women leadership opps, smt almost unheard of in europe's secular world
87
edict of milan
The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and stopped the persecution of Christians.
88
theravada buddhism
closer to original form developed by buddha; practiced today in sri lanka and parts of SE asia
89
spread of B
- by missionaries and merchants
- into china **via silk road**
- when han began to decline, many chinese converted to B
90
spread of C
- initially seen by roman gov as a religion disloyal to emperior; christians were persecuted
- partly on foot by missionaries and merchants, but ESP by boats tht carried cargo and ppl across MEDIT
- carried WEST into N africa, turkey, europe
- began to b popular in W europe after fall of rome
91
daoism
- dev in E asia about same time as confucianism
- close connectiosn btwn humans n nature, balance n harmony in all things
- deep respec for ancestors
- whereas confucius emphasized ORDER in human relations, daoism encouraged ppl to look away from human creations n instead find peace n balance in nature's examples
- attention to attaining a proper balance in life influenced chinese medical practices, such as acupuncture
- d-influenced architecture sought to blend building style into local landscape (ex: sloping roofs of temples)
- LAOZI
- best known symbol: yin-yang
92
aninism, shamanism
- remained popular outside core classical civs
- a: natural world itself has spiritual powers
- s: human spirit guides (shamans) r contacts btwn this world n the spirit wworld, n they have power to heal illnesses
- great respect for ancestors
- africa, ANDEAN region, some parts of E asia
93
classical civs and the arts
- greeks invetned theatrical acting; initally dramas w/ moral themes, later comedies that reflected human condition
- greek histories of wars
- indian epic poems (ramayana, bhagavad gita) told stories of self-sarifice and devotion to duty and to the hindu faith
94
achaemenid empire
- 1st gret persian empire
- larger than parthian
- centered in modern iran
- so large that the king used regional leaders, satraps, to watch over portions of empire and report back to him
- 1 of 1st highway systems, used by armies and king's messengers ( v efficient)
- overextended itself and becmae vulnerable to attack (by alex the great, early 300s BCE)
95
parthian empire
- about a century after fall of achaemenid, parthian arose and defeated what still remained of alex's divided kingdom
- biggest rival: romans
96
warring states, qin, han dates
- ws: 500 - 220 BCE
- qin: 220-206 BCE
- han: 206BCE - 220CE
97
qin dunasty
- qin shihuangdi
- LEGALISM: chinese political philosophy, estalsiehd clear chain of command, clear rules of bureaucratic etiquette; severe punishment for rulebreakers
- solid foundation for dynastic rule; MOST compilcated govmntl bureaucracies
98
han dynasty
- about same time as roman; excahgned trade n diplomatic ties w/ them along silk road
- as large as rome's, at leat as wealthy, much more tech advanced
- began great wall of china, a proj that continued on n off for >1000yr
- began canal-digging projs that linked northern and southern china
99
china canal digging
- han
- designed to help trade; grain from north transported into south; rice from south into north
- helped mvmnt of ppl -- chinese gov moved many ppl FROM NORTHERN areas INTO SOUTH largely to promote unification under a common culture
100
phoenicians
- city states in the meditarranean
- contributions: alphabet, reading left to right
- using great seafaring skills, estabsliehd colonies across meditarranean
- often didn't use military conquest to gain power; interested in trade
- specialized in luxury goods
- *** colonies in greece greatly influenced dev of greek civ
101
carthage
- in N africa
- around 150 BCE - romans fought one of the last great phoenician colonies, CARTHAGE, for economic n political control of the western mediterranean
- victory led to rise of roman republic
102
greek city-states
- 600 BCE - 330 BCE
- remarkable democrac in its time, even tho only free adult men could b citizens n vote on gov policies (ATHENS)
- sparta: totalitarian oligarchy - a few men made all the gov decisions; no dissent allowed
- alex the great united multiple greek city-states for the 1st time in history (then promptly led army to conquer rival achaemenid empire)
103
alex the great's legacy
- hellenism: blending of greek science, philosophy, art w/ existing forms in egypt (which at the time included SW, C, S asia)
104
cultural syncretism
- blending of greek + egyptian cultures (hellenism)
- ex: statues of buddha found in S asia w/ distinctive greek styles that portray human figure realistically
- egyptian scientists, educated in greek schools in alexandria, accurately estimated earth circumference
105
roman classical era
- BOTH republic (500 - 30 BCE) and Empire/Imperial (30 BCE - 476 CE)
- death of julius caesar and rise of emperor augustus marked switch from republic to empire
106
greek vs roman gov
roman structure was much more stable than the direct democracies of
the Greek polis, in which every male citizen was expected to participate
on a regular basis. In a republic, the people have representatives, so
they don’t have to vote on every issue.
107
comparing golden ages
When a major empire greatly expands its territory, it becomes the
center of artistic and scientific energy. This is because it has a
tremendous amount of wealth flowing into its capital from its
conquered regions, and because the people have the freedom and
confidence to pursue goals other than military protection.
108
roman civ
- dedicated to building: monuments, aqueducts (water over long distances into maj cities), extensive roads
- roads used by military, merchants, travelers, missionaries
- used military **to protect trade routes**
- extended influence using diplomats and merchants who traveled far
- similar to han policy, romaan republic and empire promoted migration of many ppl into its colonies to encourage the spread of the 'roman way' -- so successful that many ppl, even ones that never set foot in italy, were known as roman citz
109
shared chars of early civs
- polytheistic
- irrigation techniques
- large scale buildings
- dev writing system + calendar
- agriculture
110
teotihuacan
- 200,000 -- 1 of biggest cities in world in classical era
- north of maya ; seprate from maya
- traded w/ and fought maya
111
moche
- classical civ of ANDEAN region
- controlled by class of warrior-priests
- featured: similar to maya
112
classical civ social structures
- mayans and romans were much more dependent on slave labor than han
- east asian dynasties were the only 1s to consider merchants near bottom of social ladder - b/c they exchanged goods but produced nothing by their own hands
- S asia - status predetermined by caste one was born into
113
classical civ labor
- often, agricultural working classes were forced to provide free labor to gov in road-building and other projs
- ex: hundreds of thousands of peasants mandated to participate in construction of Great Wall, Grand Canal (china)
114
fall of classical civs: internal pressures
- diseases spread by war and trade routes
- peasant revolts
- resistance to high taxation
- failing economies
115
fall of han
- largely due to internal causes - struggles for power among dynastic family members and top generals
- yellow turban revolt: promised new sciety w/ no rich landlords, no oppressive gov officials to bully peasants into labor projs
- trade along silk road and indian ocean declined b/c political unrest and instability made travel riskier
116
fall of classical civs: external
- rival empires
- local rebels
- nomadic invaders that swept thru and looted
- famous barbarian invaders of rome: huns, goths, vandals
117
silk
- for centuries only china knew how to make
- light soft durable
- higihly deisrable; only wealthy elites could afford
118
qanat system
- form of irrigation, transports water from below ground to surface in arid regions
- knowledge of this from C asia spread, particularly to SW asia
119
intro of camel
in N africa around year 0. led to maj increase in amnt of trade tht occurred btwn W africa and SW asia
120
mediterranean trade items
OUT from coastal cities: cotton, dyes, cloth, leather goods, glass, olives and olive oil
121
asia trade items
- OUT from S: cotton, spices, rice
- OUT from SE: spices
- OUT and IN from C: horses, textiles
122
dhows
small but seaworthy trading ships used by arab merchants.
| - used triangular lateen sail to follow monsoon winds
123
black sea
- asia on E shore, europe on W shore; impt trading area
- in 600-1450 merchants carried black death **into western europe**
- thru black sea, merchants carried goods from silk roads, medit, russia
124
pacific migrations
- since prehistoric times, esp during post-class era
| - from SEA into island groups in oceania (aus, NZ, solomon islands, hawaii)
