- Flashcards

Question

largest empire of the Americas before the arrival of | the Europeans

Answer 1

governed by the Inca from their capital Cuzco, in the Andes Mountains. Lasting for only about one hundred years, from mid1400s - mid1500s, the Inca Empire stretched along most of the Pacific coast of South America.

Answer 2

- Like the Aztecs, the Inca expanded their empire through military conquest and the tribute they demanded from the people they defeated. They, too, had an emperor who claimed to be descended from the gods. - Unlike the Aztecs, the Inca incorporated the vanquished into the empire, requiring, for example, that the defeated people learn the Incan language.

Answer 3

Under the Incan system, all land, food, and manufactured products were owned by the government. > The Inca people were required to contribute a portion of their goods to the government for redistribution by the large Inca bureaucracy.

Answer 4

One of the most interesting features of Incan civilization was their record-keeping system on knotted strings, known as quipu. The accounting system, kept by the government bureaucracy, was based on the number and position of knots and the color of the strings in the cords.

Answer 5

Like the Aztecs, the Inca were also facing internal strife when the Spanish arrived in the 1530s. - A civil war for control of the throne was raging and at about the same time smallpox began to decimate the population. These stresses made the empire susceptible to outside invasion, and it came in the form of less than 200 well-armed conquistadors.

Answer 6

``` the Hagia Sophia, an Eastern Orthodox Christian Church, which was converted into a mosque. - blending of Greek Orthodox and Islamic architecture ```

Answer 7

European governments—especially Britain—invested part of the income from the New World in the form of monetary prizes to individuals who invented more efficient ways to transport goods, grow crops, defeat enemies—anything that might significantly contribute to the nation's increased share of the global mercantilist pie.

Answer 8

- Britain had coal and iron, good soil, fast-moving rivers to turn waterwheels that powered machines, and many natural harbors to import raw materials from far-away colonies. - Products manufactured from those raw materials were exported back to millions of colonial consumers and other markets around the globe. - Belgium, Germany, and France had similar favorable geographic conditions and were quick to follow Britain's lead in developing industry.

Answer 9

- Especially in Britain, and to a lesser degree in the rest of western Europe, people could move up the economic and social ladder if they developed a money-making invention. This incentive spurred Britain to become "a nation of tinkerers," as one observer put it. - Banks loaned money to inventors in whom they had faith. As noted above, European governments offered prizes for inventions that they considered helpful to their global economic and political goals. These conditions did not exist outside Europe at the beginning of this era.

Answer 10

- Britain had a large number of people skilled in working with metal tools. Those skills were necessary for the creation of the machines that would be used to develop industry. - Many agricultural workers in Britain were forced off farmland by a government-approved policy called the enclosure movement. The landless peasants migrated to cities, forming a large potential workforce for factories.

Answer 11

i. Africa had a great deal more natural resources than did western Europe; Ming China had a well-organized government and a very strong economy; and India and China had a tradition of technological development. ii. Only western Europe, however, had all the necessary factors for industrial development by the mid-eighteenth century: incentive, materials, and skilled-labor.

Answer 12

1. British inventors developed machines that could massproduce cloth and thread. 2. These muscle-powered, wood-and-iron machines were a hit with manufacturers because they cranked out cloth faster and cheaper than hand-making methods. 3. Bigger and quicker machines were developed, and they were massed into large buildings called factories. Waterwheels turning in fast-moving streams provided power for the machines. - The successes of machine-produced cloth and thread led to the invention of the cotton gin (invented in CT), a machine that took seeds out of cotton to prepare it for thread and cloth manufacturing.

Answer 13

By the 1760s, inventors in Britain had developed the steam engine—one of the most revolutionary inventions of all time—and made waterpower obsolete. - With the development of the steam engine, factories didn't have to be built next to a stream—they could be anywhere. > In the United States, the first steamboat made seven thousand years of sail power obsolete. > In Britain, the steam-powered locomotive marked the beginning of the end of the age of the horse in modern societies.

Answer 14

Coal was the initial fuel for the steam engines of the Industrial Revolution, but as the nineteenth century progressed, petroleum (--> diesel and gasoline) was increasingly used, especially after the development of the internal combustion (diesel and later, gasoline) engine. Both provided vastly greater amounts of energy than any previous form of power.

Answer 15

- Steel factories centered in regions near iron and coal mines, materials vital to steel production. - Western Europe again led the way, followed soon by the United States, Japan, and Russia. Steel became the "king of metals" in the Industrial Age.

Answer 16

- In the South, single-crop cotton plantations boomed, as did slavery. - railroads - The national government's power rose dramatically after the Civil War, and it encouraged a strong pro-industry attitude. - By 1900, the United States was the world's biggest steel producer and the U.S. Steel Corporation was the world's first billion-dollar corporation.

Answer 17

- Using a show of industrial force, the U.S. government sent navy ships to force open the trade door with Japan in the 1850s. The Japanese government responded, not by resisting, but by transforming its government, society, and industry. - In their program of Western-style industrialization, the Japanese built factories that specialized in silk textiles. - One significant difference between Japanese and Western industrialization was that the Japanese government had close ties to factory corporations. The government often built factories, then sold them to investors but stayed actively involved in their finances and business decisions.

Answer 18

- Unlike Japan and the "West," Russia's industrial progress was limited in this era. - The government's primary focus was on supporting the elite owners of large agricultural estates. Serfdom was still in place until the mid-nineteenth century. The government freed the serfs, but unlike the United States and Japan, Russiawas slow to shift to industrialization. - Late in this era, the Russian government sought foreign investment in its industrial program. Russia became a top producer of steel and built the Trans-Siberian Railway, passing the United States in having the world's longest railroad. - Despite these accomplishments, Russia's economy remained largely mired in the fifteenth century. Peasant laborers grew mostly wheat and potatoes for export from the large estates still owned by friends of the czar.

Answer 19

- Europeans invested great amounts of money to jumpstart industrialization in Latin America - Great expectations followed and some railroad routes were built, but overall, like Russia, Latin America remained largely an exporter of crops grown by peasant labor. - Products included coffee, bananas, wheat, beef, and sugar. Industrialized nations sought copper, a major export of Mexico.

Answer 20

- England established its rule (raj) over India near the beginning of the era c. 1750—c.1900. - India was a leading grower of cotton, and England eagerly imported the fabric for its textile mills. Toward the end of this era, under British authority, Indian textile factories began to produce machine-made cotton thread and cloth, and the production of hand-made textiles began to decline. - India's age of rapid industrial growth, however, waited until the late 1900s.

Answer 21

Like the Russians, the Ottoman Empire had limited progress in developing modern industry in this era. The empire's leaders failed to recognize the degree to which the Industrial Revolution was increasing the West's political, economic, and military power. Unlike Japan's leaders at this time, the Ottomans were divided over following western Europe's industrial model.

Answer 22

Africa remained a provider of natural resources to the world's industrial giants. The greatest export in terms of cost was diamonds and gold from South Africa. In the Age of Imperialism, Europe's governments and businesses preferred to keep its African colonies dependent on them.

Answer 23

China rejected most things Western in this era and remained largely out of the production end of the Industrial Revolution. Some foreign investment provided for railroads and steamships, but overall the Middle Kingdom stuck with human labor to produce crops and hand-made items for export. - The new industrial powers in western Europe, the United States, Russia, and Japan took advantage of China's weak government by forcing open exclusive trade regions—spheres of influence—in China. So Russiatraded in one region of China, Britain in another, and France in yet another. - At the end of this era, these nations accepted a U.S. proposal for an "open door policy" in China, ending the spheres of influence and allowing open access to all of China's markets.

Answer 24

- Looking at the gritty life of the overcrowded industrial cities, artists abandoned the optimism of the Romantic school of art and shifted to Realism, painting dark scenes of city life, exemplified by locomotives belching black smoke. - The camera was invented, which artists feared would put them out of business. The artistic style called Impressionism was in direct contrast to photography's graphic realism. Artists painted deliberately unfocused scenes of nature—their "impression" of the scene. French artists led the way in this school of art. - Writers also responded to the effects of the Industrial Revolution. Charles Dickens wrote stories about life among the struggling urban laboring classes in sootcovered London in the early nineteenth century in his classics, A Christmas Carol and Oliver Twist, among others.

Answer 25

- The limited impact of the Industrial Revolution on Latin America meant that continuities in social structures and gender roles remained through this era. - In another major social development, millions of Europeans migrated to Latin America in the nineteenth century seeking new economic opportunities. - In an interesting parallel, thousands of Japanese immigrants poured into the west coast of South America, mostly to work as laborers.

Answer 26

B. Another business that operated on an international scale was the U.S.-based United Fruit Corporation. It owned huge tracts of banana plantations throughout Central America. The produce was shipped to the United States and Europe. C. The exchange of goods and money among the industrialized economies grew so fast that they established a gold standard for world currencies. An agreed-upon international price of gold became the measure by which nations determined the relative value of their money systems.

Answer 27

1. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the pace of industrialization quickened and so did the number of inventions. Historians call this a "Second Industrial Revolution." 2. Instead of focusing on textile production and steam power, the second industrial revolution ran on the internal combustion (gasoline or diesel) engine. 3. It also differed from the initial Industrial Revolution because there were more inventions related to electrical systems,scientific discoveries, and medicine. All had applications for the mechanization of warfare.

Answer 28

1. The first major development in the area of communication was the U.S. invention of the telegraph in the 1840s. i. By the late 1850s, a telegraph cable had been extended under the Atlantic Ocean, linking the British Isles to Canada and the United States. ii. By the 1870s, communication across the Pacific was achieved, and by 1902, the entire global British Empire was connected by telegraph. 2. In 1876, the telephone was invented in the United States. Its popularity was different from the telegraph in that the user needed no special training, making it a home-use product. 3. The radio (or "wireless telegraph") was in its developmental stage near the end of this era.

Answer 29

1. After the development of the steamboat and the steam locomotive, the next major step in transportation was the electric trolley car and the subterranean transportation system, or the subway. Both were mass-transit systems, first used in large cities like London, Paris, and New York. 2. The automobile was invented in Germany in the 1880s. In this era, it was mostly an experimental device and an object of curiosity.

Answer 30

- chemistry began - Toward the end of the era, scientists were developing chemical compounds in the lab—some were powerful fertilizers that were used to grow crops (and thus more food) more efficiently than before.

Answer 31

Advances in medicine in this era included smallpox and rabies vaccinations, sterilization of surgical instruments, the use of anesthetics during surgery, and aspirin, to name a few. Governments oversaw programs that provided clean drinking water in cities. These and many other examples led to healthier, longer lives in the industrialized world.

Answer 32

Science and faith crossed swords in the person of Charles Darwin. - His investigations of animals of the South Pacific led him to conclude that natural selection, not God, determined the viability of species on Earth. He also theorized that humans and apes had similar characteristics and must therefore have common ancestors. - These pronouncements began furious debates about the nature of humanity and its place among animals in the world. His ideas about survival of the fittest in the animal kingdoms led some Europeans to transfer the concept to human civilizations. - Social Darwinism—wherein the superior races must naturally defeat inferior ones—had enormous implications in the upcoming Age of Imperialism.

Answer 33

Using inventions of the Industrial Revolution such as steamboats, railroads, and machine guns, western European nations were able to overwhelm Africans with the new technologies. As a result, large numbers of Europeans with superior military forces reached the interior of Africa for the first time.

Answer 34

- Nationalism—a sense of pride and devotion to one's country—was a powerful force in Europe and the Americas in the early nineteenth century. It was an important factor in empire-building in this era. - National pride showed itself in two ways. First, the older European nations engaged in an unofficial competition to see who could grab the most territory around the world. It was a kind of "keeping up with the Joneses" rivalry. If England claimed this, then France wanted that, and on it went. Second, new nations, such as Germany and Italy, wanted to show that they belonged with the so-called Great Powers, so they got into the imperialism game, too.

Answer 35

- Controlling world markets was an idea going back to the first round of European imperialism in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In this "new" imperialism, not only were governments and their treasuries involved, but also multinational corporations. - These multinational corporations put pressure on governments to help them claim their "share" of the global economy. The economic stakes were greater because the amount and value of global trade was also greater. Africa and Asia held vast amounts of raw materials, such as cotton, rubber, and minerals that industrialized nations wanted to keep their economies booming. - European imperialists saw Africa and Asia as potential markets for their mass-produced goods, such as cloth and steel.

Answer 36

i. The white Europeans believed they were doing their "little brown brothers" in Africa, Asia, and Oceania a favor by conquering them. After all, they reasoned, the Europeans developed the inventions of the Industrial Revolution that made it possible to travel around the world. To many Europeans, bringing "them" technology, plus education, medicine, and Christianity, was a noble cause. ii. The English writer Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled "The White Man's Burden" about these ideas.

Answer 37

- At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Britain began sending settlers into South Africa, and these British settlers eventually experienced strife with the Dutch colonists ("Boers")—not to mention heightening tensions that lready existed between the Dutch and the African people of the region. - Starting in the 1830s, France followed Britain's example and became a major African colonial power, first in Algeria and then across most of northwest Africa.

Answer 38

4. Belgium began the infamous "scramble for Africa" in the 1880s when it grabbed an enormous area in the "heart" of Africa—The Congo. When the other European powers saw Belgium become a major colonial power, they began a rush to outdo each other in gaining territories. The "Great Powers" of Europe met at the Berlin Conference of 1884— 1885 to divide Africa among themselves peacefully. They didn't invite anyone from Africa, however, to participate in the division of these lands. Clearly, this approach would lead to problems. 5. By 1914, the sweep of European colonialism was so complete that only two areas in Africa were independent nations: Ethiopia (Italy tried, but failed, to make it a colony) and Liberia (founded as a colony for former U.S. slaves)

Answer 39

In contrast to their experiences in Africa, Europeans found that much of Asia could not be brought into their empires because Asian governments were strong enough to keep the Europeans at bay—the Ottoman Empire still had a formidable military force, Japan was becoming one of the major powers, and Europeans desired China's economic assets more than its land.

Answer 40

After England won the Seven Years' War against France in 1763, France lost control of most of its North American and South Asian holdings. The English took possession of Canada and the eastern half of what was to become the United States.

Answer 41

With significant help from the British East India Company (EIC), the english established rule over South Asia. - By the mid-1800s, the EIC had folded, and the British government began direct control over its colony in South Asia and remained the colonial power there until 1947. The British called their rule in India the raj, and Queen Victoria was named empress of India. In addition, during the nineteenth century, the British extended colonial control to Malaysia and Singapore and several islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. They used these islands as strategic refueling stations for their steam-powered military and cargo ships.

Answer 42

- The first step in this goal was to purchase the Louisiana territory from France in 1803. - In the 1840s, victory in a war with Mexico yielded Texas and all the land to the Pacific coast south of Canada. - Alaska was purchased from Russia in 1867. By the end of the century, along with the other imperial powers, the United States began acquiring islands in the Pacific for strategic refueling bases. - Spain's decline as a world power was sealed when it lost the Spanish-American War. As a result of its victory in this war, the United States added the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to its colonial holdings. - Finally, the United States annexed Hawaii, with its rich sugar plantations and vital port, Pearl Harbor.

Answer 43

- Germany, of course, is in Europe, but because it was established only in the late 1800s, it merits separate discussion. The German Empire was founded in 1871. Its leaders were determined to make their new nation a formidable power in Europe. - In that era, international respect was granted to those with the most "toys," meaning colonies. At the Berlin Conference, Germany wrangled several African territories in strategic moves to counter British gains in Africa. They also claimed parts of the Marshall, Solomon, and Caroline Islands, and Western Samoa, which were all in the South Pacific.

Answer 44

- When Japan changed its government in the 1860s in the Meiji Restoration, it was eager to join Germany and the United States in establishing a place with the major powers of Europe. - Japan began an aggressive campaign to create an empire in the Pacific region. Japan also wanted to counter Russian gains in EastAsia after that nation completed the Trans-Siberian Railway. - An early test of Japan's new "Western-style" army was in the Sino-Japanese war with China in the 1890s. Japan claimed Korea after their victory in that war. Everyone, except Japan, was shocked when the Japanese defeated Russiain the Russo-JapaneseWar in 1905. The conflict was for control of territories in Manchuria and, again, Korea.

Answer 45

Europeans peacefully divided Africa among themselves at the Berlin Conference in 1885, paying little attention to the concerns of the African people who were affected. - Europe's confidence in its racial and cultural superiority did not leave much room for debate about the potential disadvantages of imperialism. - Social Darwinism—the idea that civilizations with superior technology and tactics deserved to conquer those without these advantages—was a powerful force in this era. - At Berlin, the British attempted to form a series of colonies that stretched "from Cape Town to Cairo," that is, from South Africa to Egypt. They were stymied by Germany, who inserted a colony in EastAfrica

Answer 46

The best-known imperialist in this era was Cecil Rhodes, the British entrepreneur whose business was in the gold and diamond mines of South Africa. The colony of Rhodesia was named after him.

Answer 47

Britain developed "White dominions," places where the colonists, through disease and conquest, eventually outnumbered the native people. - "White dominions" occurred in Oceania (Australia and New Zealand) and in North America (in their American and Canadian colonies).

Answer 48

"Settler colonies" were areas where Europeans settled and ruled, but remained a minority. - South Africa and Singapore were two British examples of settler colonies. - The Philippines was a settler colony for the United States. - A French example of a settler colony was Algeria in North Africa, where over 100,000 European colonists claimed rule over an Arab Muslim population of more than 2 million.

Answer 49

- Christian missionaries had success spreading their faith in sub-Saharan Africa, but they made no progress in the Muslim north. - Europeans were determined to "civilize" their "little brown brothers" by dressing them in Western fashions and teaching them Western behavior, which usually only confused the local people. - Some African elites were sent to European schools in an attempt to bring them over to pro-Western thinking. These efforts often had unintended consequences for the colonizers,

Answer 50

Popular European literature with imperialist themes set in Africa included Tarzan, the story of an English boy raised by apes in the African jungle, and Heart of Darkness, a novel that criticized imperialist attitudes toward Africans.

Answer 51

In Malaysia, for example, the British made treaties with local rulers that resulted in indirect control of that vital trade region.

Answer 52

France used a combination of military force and diplomacy to bring the Southeast Asia territory of Indochina into its empire.

Answer 53

Once England established itself in India, it primarily used "native" Indian forces to maintain British authority. These Sepoys were generally loyal to the crown. - rebelled; took British forces a year to suppress the rebellion. This resulted in the end of the Mughal Dynasty, which had begun in India in the sixteenth century, the dissolution of the East India Company, and the beginnings of the British raj over India.

Answer 54

- mid 1800s - To offset huge trade deficits, the British began smuggling opium into China's ports, in defiance of Chinese laws. China's diplomatic protests went unheeded, and war broke out between the two nations. - China was forced into a series of unequal treaties that increased Britain's economic presence and handed the island of Hong Kong to British authority. - Other nations, including Russia, Japan, France, and Germany, jumped at the chance to make their own unequal treaties with China. Rather than attempt political colonization of China, these nations created "spheres of influence" within China, with each foreign nation having exclusive trading rights in "its" portion of China. - Many Indian soldiers remained loyal to the British in the Sepoy rebellion.

Answer 55

In popular European culture, books aimed at younger people highlighted these "exotic" lands and were especially nationalistic, praising the Europeans' dedication to the "white man's burden." TheJungle Book, about a young Indian boy's adventures in South Asia, was one famous title.

Answer 56

ii. At the end of the nineteenth century, descendants of Dutch settlers believed that the newly arrived British were violating their property rights to land and slaves. In addition they were angry about the gold and diamonds the British were hauling out of the territory once claimed by Boers. iii. The British battled Zulus and Dutch Boers in southern Africa, and Muslims in Sudan. The Boer war left hundreds of thousands of casualties in its wake.

Answer 57

The king of Siam (Thailand) decided to proactively deflect European colonization by inviting British representatives to help "westernize" his country.

Answer 58

- Enlightenment thinkers Locke and Rousseau wrote that governments and the people had a "social contract" between them. If the leader of the government failed to serve the people well, the people had a right to revolt. - The favorite form of government of Enlightenment thinkers was a republic—a constitution, an elected legislature of representatives, and no king. - In addition, Adam Smith insisted that governments end their mercantilism policies and stay out of the way of the "natural" cycles of the economy.

Answer 59

- Soon afterward, the French revolted against their king, but in contrast to the American Revolution, the struggle was not a colonial one. In the spirit of Enlightenment ideas, the slogan of the French Revolution was "Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)." The French Revolution expressed its roots in the Enlightenment in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. - After attempting a constitutional monarchy like Britain's, and after the French king was executed, a republic was established. Another contrast with the American Revolution was the amount of blood that accompanied the French Revolution. As many as 30,000 people lost their lives to overenthusiastic revolutionary leaders, who were in turn executed and replaced by a military dictator who restored order, Napoleon Bonaparte.

Answer 60

Napoleon claimed to be a child of the Enlightenment, and he did enact reforms such as equality before the law, but he was no fan of republics. After Napoleon's defeat by a coalition of other European nations, including Britain and Russia, the Congress of Vienna reorganized Europe's boundaries to include several new nations.

Answer 61

- The French Revolution's first "child" was delivered in the early nineteenth century in its colony of Haiti, then known as Saint Domingue. The vast majority of the residents were slaves. Led by Toussaint Louverture, they revolted against their white French masters. Napoleon sent an army to the rebellion, but it was defeated. - The result of this first successful slave revolt was the establishment of the second republic in the New World, after the United States. In its revolution, Haiti's rich plantation economy of large exportable crops of sugar and coffee was destroyed and was replaced by small farms that exported very little.

Answer 62

- By 1830, the success of the Haitian revolution inspired the rest of Latin America's colonies to rise up against Spanish and Portuguese rule. - Led by upper-class Creole elites—the most famous was Simon Bolivar—one by one the colonies gained independence through military victories against the colonizers, hastening the decline of Spain as a world power.

Answer 63

- Unlike the United States, which had a sizable educated middle class, Latin American countries had an enormous social and economic chasm between the few elite and the many poor. - Similar to the U.S. experience, the elite remained in power when the revolutions were over. Establishing stable governments was a common difficulty in the new Latin American nations, including Mexico and Brazil. There was also a lack of significant social and economic change for the non-elites.

Answer 64

1. Overcrowded cities created many problems, including scarce housing, disease, and unemployment. - The lower classes suffered the most, and discontent spilled into the streets of many major European cities. Government leaders were often slow to respond to the calls for reform because they were either overwhelmed by, or did not care about, the numerous problems facing societies in the early years of the Industrial Revolution. - By the mid-nineteenth century, however, political pressure from the increasingly important middle class stirred governments in western and central Europe to begin providing assistance to the urban working classes. 2. Poor working conditions in factories, including hazardous machinery, long hours, and low pay, led to anger and resentment among the laboring classes.

Answer 65

From the 1820s through the 1840s, European activists rallied the urban poor to take to the streets. Members of the middle class were urged to use their new voting power to call for political rights for working-class men, increased pay, and safer working conditions in factories. - Labor unions, representing the collective power of many workers, began to form. The labor unions were illegal in most western European nations until later in the 1800s. - those in the new middle class did not take to the streets in support of the urban poor, but they did effect change with their new political rights. For example, they convinced government leaders to provide police services and cleaner drinking water in London, build public housing in Paris, and establish unemployment and social security benefits in the new nation of Germany.

Answer 66

- in the mid-1800s, steamboats hauling seed potatoes from the New World to Ireland unintentionally delivered diseased produce. - Ireland was greatly dependent on the potato for food, so when the potato blight spread rapidly through its farms, about one million died and another million migrated across the Atlantic to the United States and other destinations in the Americas - Another effect of the Irish potato famine was increased support in Europe for government programs to aid the poor, not just in Ireland, but as a general policy.

Answer 67

The nationalist revolutions in Latin America succeeded in running off the colonial powers. These successes inspired people in Europe to try to use nationalism to throw out those governments they thought were "outside oppressors." - Greece broke away from the Ottoman Empire. In the early nineteenth century, Poles, Italians, and Slavs failed in their attempt to break away from the large Austrian empire. - In 1848, so many nations experienced violence that the phrase "Europe in flames" became popular. - In the 1860s and 1870s, two new nations emerged, both forged with strong nationalist fervor: Italy and Germany.

Answer 68

The African nation with the greatest nationalist fervor in the late nineteenth century was Egypt. i. The Ottoman Empire, France, and England all had political and economic stakes in Egypt. ii. The French financed and supervised the digging of the Suez Canal in the 1860s, and jostling began almost immediately over who should receive the economic benefits from it: the Egyptians, the Ottomans, the French, or the British. iii. England invaded Egypt in the 1880s, claiming they were "helping" the Egyptians run their country, and stayed until the 1920s.

Answer 69

Nationalism proved to be a powerful global theme in this era. Resentment over Europe's imperialist policies led to increased nationalist sentiments throughout Africa. As African elites returned from European universities, they brought back news of nationalist revolts throughout the Atlantic World.

Answer 70

in india against raj - The Indian National Congress was founded in the late nineteenth century with the purpose of promoting a united nationalist agenda and with the aim of gaining independence from the British. - Another nationalist movement arose in India in the early twentieth century with a different goal in mind—the Muslim League sought not all-India independence, but rather separate independence from British rule for the Muslim areas of the region.

Answer 71

In Southwest Asia and North Africa, stirrings of Arab nationalism against Ottoman and European rule began. Egypt's nationalist movement was one part of a larger Arab call for independence from the "outsiders" who were corrupting "true" Arab and Islamic culture with the decadence of the West and the decline of the Ottomans.

Answer 72

1. In this (indus - 1750 - 1900) era, both Spain and Portugal saw their empires dwindle because of the successful independence movements in Latin America against Spanish and Portuguese rule. 2. At the end of this era, Spain's loss in the Spanish-American War effectively marked the end of that empire and the rise of the United States on the global stage.

Answer 73

- Beginning with the successful nationalistic Greek rebellion for independence in the 1820s, the Ottoman Empire lost territories in the Balkan Peninsula in eastern Europe and faced growing opposition in its Arab holdings in SW Asia and N Africa - In addition, Russiaand England fought the Crimean War over the Ottoman Empire's vital Bosporus and Dardanelles sea lanes near Constantinople. While the Ottoman Empire came out on the winning side with its British and French allies against Russia, it remained weakened, the so-called "sick man of Europe."

Answer 74

Ottoman attempts to "westernize" and compete with western Europe in the nineteenth century consisted of a movement toward a constitutional government—the Tanzimat Reforms—and the purchase of modern weapons from European manufacturers. - Tanzimat means "reorganization," and that is what the reforms did to the Ottoman government. A written constitution with guaranteed political and social rights (including freedom of religion), a modernized banking system, railroad construction, and reorganization and modernization of the army were some of the major changes. - After 40 years under this first constitution, the Ottoman leader, the sultan, canceled it and dissolved the legislature in 1876. He did this because changes to the constitution called for limitations of the sultan's power.

Answer 75

another reform movement came from within the military. The "Young Turks" were Western-educated young army officers in the early twentieth century who sought revival and extension of the Tanzimat reforms. They succeeded, but after World War l, the 700-year-old empire collapsed and was divided into many nations.

Answer 76

With the huge influx of migrants came resistance from many who had established themselves previously in the "receiving" lands. Besides personal displays of prejudice, legal restrictions on migrations also began to appear, such as the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States and the White Australian Act of 1 901.

Answer 77

In Africa, the European imperialist powers promoted largescale single-crop farming for export. Huge numbers of male workers left their homelands and migrated to large farming areas, and other men sought job opportunities in Africa's larger cities.

Answer 78

began in late 1800s

Answer 79

1980s in large cities

Answer 80

- The telephone was invented in 1876 in the United States. - Until the 1920s in the West, it was used mainly by the rich and privileged in the "developed" countries of Europe, Australia, North and South America, and Japan. - In the economic boom of the Roaring Twenties that occurred in most Western nations, more and more people could afford to have a telephone in their homes.

Answer 81

- Originally considered a device for one-to-one communication—a "wireless telegraph"—by the 1920s, radio networks began broadcasting entertainment and news to national audiences. - Television gained popularity after World War II, so much so that by the 1960s in the United States, more homes had televisions than indoor toilets. It rapidly became more popular than radio as a means of information and entertainment. - Both radio and television were used by governments to propagate their messages to citizens and foes alike.

Answer 82

Originally designed as a way for scientists to transmit computer data across telephone lines in the 1960s

Answer 83

- By the early 1980s, the first personal computers (PCs) were available to the public. PCs that are now considered antiques were originally highpriced and mysterious toys for the wealthy. - Prices of PCs began to drop and their popularity began to rise with the advent of the Internet by the mid-1990s.

Answer 84

- Automobiles were introduced in Germany in the late nineteenth century, but like radios and telephones, they did not become popular in the industrialized world until the 1 920s. - When automobiles did become popular, they changed many aspects of Western society. One big change was the automobile's ability to make people more mobile. It became much less likely for people to live their entire lives in one place. Living in the suburbs and working miles away in city centers became popular. Driving to distant vacation spots was also possible. - Cars also created new industries and jobs: multinational corporations that sold petroleum products, the travel industry, and governmentfunded modern road construction, to name a few. - The automobile's popularity also led to less use of public transportation, increased rush-hour traffic, traffic fatalities, and increased air pollution.

Answer 85

- The first application of airplanes on a wide scale was in World War l. - Air travel in the West was for the wealthy and famous (and military pilots) until after World War II, when an unprecedented economic boom occurred and the middle class could afford to join "the jet set." - By the end of the twentieth century, passenger air travel was common in the West, but it did not surpass the use of the automobile. - One casualty in many Western nations was the passenger train, which had been the most popular form of mass travel for almost 100 years.

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