1: Bone

Question 1

What is bone tissue?

Answer 1

Complex, dynamic, living tissue that remodels itself. Build new, degrade old.

Question 2

Why do astronauts lose 20% bone density?

Answer 2

The zero-G environment and limited movement placed minimal strain.

Question 3

Why can athletes increase bone density?

Answer 3

Subjecting bones to great forces, maximizing strain.

Question 4

What are the 6 tissues that make up bone?

Answer 4

bone (osseous) tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, epithelium, adipose tissue, and nervous tissue.
BENDAC

Question 5

List the 6 functions of bone.

Answer 5

Support, Protection, Assistance, Mineral Storage & Release, Blood cell production, Triglyceride storage. SPAM BT

Question 6

How does skeleton support body?

Answer 6

Support soft tissues and provides tendon attachment points of skeletal muscles.

Question 7

Give 3 examples on how skeleton protects vital organs.

Answer 7

Cranial bones protect brain, vertebrae protects spine, rib cage protects heart and lungs.

Question 8

How do skeletal muscles assist in movement?

Answer 8

Contract, pulling bone.

Question 9

How does bone maintain mineral balances?

Answer 9

On demand, releases Ca and P into blood.

Question 10

99% of calcium is found in

Answer 10

bone

Question 11

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

Answer 11

Red bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, platelets.

Question 12

What happens to bone marrow with increasing age?

Answer 12

Changes from red to yellow.

Question 13

What is yellow bone marrow?

Answer 13

Connective tissue, mainly adipose that stores triglycerides, energy reserve.

Question 14

What is skeletal system?

Answer 14

Entire framework of bones and their cartilages.

Question 15

Osteology

Answer 15

study of bone structure and treatment of bone disorders.

Question 16

Where is red bone marrow found in adults?

Answer 16

pelvic, ribs, sternum, vertebra, cranium, ends of humerus and femur

Question 17

Red bone marrow is found ubiquitously in

Answer 17

fetus

Question 18

Compact/cortical/dense bone

Answer 18

surface, solid, stress resistant

Question 19

Spongy/trabecular/cancellous

Answer 19

interior, thin columns (trabeculae) spaces between filled with bone marrow

Question 20

Why are bones considered a library of information?

Answer 20

Reveal age, size, stature, sex, health, race because they deteriorate slower than soft tissues.

Question 21

List the 5 types of bones based on shape

Answer 21

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
FILSS

Question 22

What can the shape of bone reveal about function?

Answer 22

strength and type of forces subjected to

Question 23

Describe long bones

Answer 23

length>width, curved, compact & spongy, 1 diaphysis several epiphyses

Question 24

What were to happen if long bone was straight?

Answer 24

weight of the body would be unevenly distributed; fracture easily.

Question 24

Name 9 long bones

Answer 24

humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges

Question 25

Describe short bones

Answer 25

cuboidal, spongy except surface

Question 26

Name 2 short bones

Answer 26

carpal (wrist) and tarsal(ankle)

Question 27

Describe flat bones

Answer 27

thin, 2 parallel compact enclose spongy, protection and muscle attachment.

Question 28

internal and external tables

Answer 28

layers of compact flat bone

Question 29

diploë

Answer 29

spongy cranial bone

Question 30

Name 4 flat bones

Answer 30

cranial, sternum, ribs, scapulae

Question 31

Describe irregular bones

Answer 31

complex shapes, variable spongy/compact

Question 32

Name 3 irregular bones

Answer 32

vertebrae, facial, calcaneus(heel)

Question 33

Describe sesamoid bones

Answer 33

protect tendon, measure few mm diameter, vary in number

Question 34

Largest sesamoid bones

Answer 34

patellae

Question 35

Name 3 sesamoid bones

Answer 35

metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb, matetarsiophalangeal joint of great toe, patellae ## Footnote These bones can vary in number among individuals and are often found in locations where tendons experience significant stress, providing mechanical advantages during movement.

Question 36

Describe sutural bones

Answer 36

classify acc to location; within sutures (joints) of cranial bones

Question 37

Diaphysis

Answer 37

long, cylindrical, main portion of bone; shaft

Question 38

epiphyses

Answer 38

proximal and distal ends of the bone; extremities

Question 39

metaphyses

Answer 39

region between diaphysis and epiphyses

Question 40

epiphyseal plate

Answer 40

growth plate in metaphysis, hyaline cartilage layer extends diaphysis

Question 41

Cartilage in epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone called

Answer 41

epiphyseal line, when bone growth stops

Question 42

Articular cartilage

Answer 42

thin hyaline covering epiphysis where articulation forms, reduces friction and absorbs shock, lacks perichondrium and blood vessels.

Question 43

Periosteum

Answer 43

connective tissue and blood supply where there is no articular cartilage. outer dense irregular, inner osteogenic (cells).

Question 44

Periosteum functions

Answer 44

cells grow bone in thickness, protect, fracture repair, nourish, attachment point.

Question 45

Sharpey's fibers

Answer 45

'perforating', collagen bundles extend from periosteum into bone ECM.

Question 46

Medullary cavity

Answer 46

'marrow' cavity, cylindrical space contains fatty yellow marrow and blood vessels. reduces dense material, minimizes weight

Question 47

Endosteum

Answer 47

thin membrane lines medullary cavity, bone-forming cells

Question 48

The only bones with a diaphysis and medullary cavity are

Answer 48

Long bones

Question 49

long bone structure

Answer 49