In effect, “aber” converts such statements to exclamations:
“Aber” can be given greater emphasis by adding “auch”:
- Das war aber auch eine Reise! (= That really was some journey!)
“Ja” is also used to express surprise but surprise resulting from a different kind, where “aber” indicates a difference in degree:
In this sense, “aber” can be replaced by “vielleicht”:
- Der Tee ist vielleicht heiß!
10.1.2. “Aber” is used within a clause to express a contradiction.
In such contexts, “aber” has much the same sense it would have at the beginning of the clause (= but). This is close to that of “doch”.
Used with “oder”, “aber” has the sense of “on the other hand”
- Seine Befürwortung könnte der Sache helfen oder aber (auch) schaden (= His support might help the affair or on the other hand it might harm it).
10.1.3. When used initially in exclamations, “aber” stresses the speaker’s opinion.
“Aber” can sound scolding or reassuring, depending on the context.
10.1.4. “aber” is also used as a coordinating conjunction (= “but”)
10.1.
10.2. ALLERDINGS
“allerdings” most often expresses a reservation about what has just been said. It usually corresponds to English “admittedly”, “of course”, “to be sure”, “all the same”, etc.
“freilich” has a very similar meaning.
10.2.1. Within a sentence, the sense of “allerdings” is close to that of “aber”.
However, “allerdings” is rather less blunt:
10.1.2. On its own in answer to a question, “allerdings” expresses a strongly affirmative answer.
There can be a hint of reservation of some kind which the speaker isn’t making explicit:
10.2.
10.3.2. Used in isolation, “also” links up with what has just been said (it can introduce a statement or a question)
10.3.
“auch” can be used to correct a false impression and is often used with “ja”:
10.4.2. In yes/no questions, “auch” asks for confirmation of something which the speaker thinks should be taken for granted.
10.4.3. “auch” turns w-questions into rhetorical questions.
“auch” confirms that nothing else could be expected:
These questions can be turned into exclamations which emphasize the speaker’s negative attitude:
10.4.4. “auch” reinforces commands (= Be/Make sure…!)
It is an alternative to “sogar” or “selbst” as a focus particle:
( the usual equivalent for English “not even” is “nicht einmal”)
b. As an adverb, “auch” has the meaning “too”, “also”, “as well”
c. The combination “auch nur” expresses a restriction (= “even”, “as/so/little/much as”)
d. “oder auch” has the sense “or else”, “or even”
- Du kannst Birnen kaufen oder auch Pfirsiche. (= you can buy pears or else peaches)
e. “auch nicht”, “auch kein”, and “auch nichts” are often used for “nor”, “neither”, etc.
f. “auch” occurs in many concessive constructions.
- Wer es auch sein mag (= whoever that may be)
10.4.
10.5. BLOß
“bloß” usually has a restrictive sense (= “only”, “simply”, “merely”).
In all its uses it is a rather less formal alternative to nur:
10.5.
“denn” refers back to what has just been said, or to the general context, and makes the question sound rather less blunt and more obliging. In practice it is almost automatic in w-questions:
b. If there is a negative element in the question, “denn” signals reproach.
The negative element may not be explicit. The question itself expects a justification rather than an answer.
c. “denn” can convert w-questions into rhetorical questions.
A negative answer is expected:
Adding “schon” makes it absolutely clear that the question is rhetorical:
- Was hat er denn schon damit gewonnen? (= and what did he gain by that? Prompting the answer: nothing!)
d. Yes/no questions with “denn” can be used as exclamations of surprise (they often begin with “so”):
e. The combination “denn noch” is used to recall a fact.
- Wie heißt er denn noch? (= What is his name again?)
10. 6.2. Further uses of “denn”
a. The combination “es sei denn, (dass)” is a conjunction meaning “unless” (used chiefly in formal German)
- Sie kommt gegen ein Uhr, es sei denn, sie wird aufgehalten.
b. “geschweige denn” means “let alone”, “still less”:
- Er wollte mir kein Geld leihen, geschweige denn schenken (= He wouldn’t even LEND me any money, let alone give me any).
c. “denn” is often used in place of “dann” (then).
Considered substandard.
10.6.
10.7. DOCH
“doch” is used typically in an attempt to persuade the listener of the speaker’s point of view. It usually expresses a contradiction or disagreement and often corresponds to English “though” or a tag question. The element of persuasion is given more force if “doch” is stressed.
7.a. Bist du nicht zufrieden? - Doch!
Kommt er bald? - Doch! (oh yes)
Er hat nie etwas für uns getan. - Doch, er hat mir einmal 100 Euro geliehen.
2.a. “eben” can be used in the sense of “exactly”, “precisely”, “just”.
In this meaning, it can be used as a focus particle before another word, or as a response to a statement or a question. “genau “ is a common alternative.
1.a. Das ist eben so (= But that is how it is)
Ich kann ihn nicht überreden. Er ist eben hartnäckig (I can’t convince him. He’s just obstinate)
Er zeichnet ganz gut. - Nun, er is eben in Künstler. (He draws quite well - well, he is an artist)
Ich mache es, so gut ich eben kann (I’ll do it as well as I can (given the circumstances))
1.b. (Dann) bleib eben im Zug sitzen (Well, just stay on the train, then)
(Dann) fahr eben durch die Stadtmitte (Well, just drive through the town center then).
2.a. Eben dieses Haus hatte mir zugesagt (It was just this house which attracted me).
Das wäre mir eben recht (That would be just what I’d like).
Eben daran hatte ich nie gedacht (That’s the one thing I hadn’t thought of)
Das wird sie doch kaum schlafen. - Eben! (Precisely!)
2.b. Sie ist nicht eben fleißig (She’s not exactly hard-working)
Der Zug war nicht eben pünktlich (The train wasn’t what you’d call on time)
2.c. Wir sind eben (erst) angekommen.
Eben geht mir ein Licht auf.
Mit zweitausend Euro im Monat kommen wir eben (noch) aus.
2.d. Die Straße ist hier nicht eben.
10.9. EH
“Eh” is an alternative to “ohnehin” or “sowieso”. Like them, it is an equivalent of English “anyway” or “in any case”, but it is used predominantly in colloquial south German, especially in Austria and Bavaria, although its use has recently spread to other areas:
Wenn ich arbeite, brauche ich eh immer mehr zum Essen (When I’m working I need more to eat anyway)
Für eine Markenpersönlichkeit wie Sie ist das neue Magazin der Süddeutschen eh ein Muss (It goes without saying that the new magazine of the “Süddeutsche Zeitung” is a must for a person of quality like you).
10.10 EIGENTLICH
“eigentlich” emphasizes that something is actually the case, even if it appears otherwise. It is often used to change the topic of conversation.
1.a. “eigentlich” can tone a question down and makes it sound more casual.
In such cases it is relatively lightly stressed. It comes close to the sense of English “actually” and is often used in conjunction with “denn”:
1.b. In w-questions, “eigentlich” implies that the question has not yet been answered fully or satisfactorily.
In such contexts it is rather more heavily stressed and very close in meaning to “im Grunde genommen”, “tatsächlich” or “wirklich”, with the sense of “at bottom”, “in actual fact”, “in reality”:
2.a. “eigentlich” indicates that something actually is the case, despite appearances.
It moderates a refusal, an objection or a contradiction by indicating how strong the reasons are:
1.a. Sind Sie eigentlich dieses Jahr schon in Urlaub gewesen? (Tell me, have you been on holiday yet this year?)
Wohnt die Eva eigentlich schon lange in Hameln? (Has Eva actually been living a long time in Hamelin?)
1.b. Wie heißt er eigentlich? (What’s his real name?)
Warum besuchst du mich eigentlich? (Why, basically, did you come to visit me?)
2.b. Wir haben eigentlich schon zu (Well, actually, we’re already closed = hinting that an exception might not be wholly out of the question)
Das darf man hier eigentlich nicht (Strictly speaking, that’s not allowed here = but, possibly…)
1.a. In statement and exclamations.
Here “erst” implies that something really is the absolute limit and perhaps more than expected or desirable. It is often strengthened by adding “recht”.
1.b. In wishes
Here “nur” or “bloß” are alternatives to “erst” (and may be used with it):
2.b. In time expressions, “erst” implies that it is later than expected or desirable.
(English = only, not before, not until, as late as)
2.c. “erst” (only) must be carefully distinguished from nur.
The opposition of erst (only) as a focus particle is “schon”
1.a. Dann ging er erst (recht) los ( = then things really got going).
Das konnte sie erst recht nicht (= That she really couldn’t manage).
Das macht es erst recht schlimm (= That really does make it bad).
Sie hat schon Hunger, aber das Kind erst (recht)! (= She may be hungry, but that’s nothing to how hungry the kid is).
1.b. Wäre er doch erst zu Hause! (= If only he were at home!). Wenn er (bloß) erst wieder arbeiten könnte! (= If only he could start work again!).
2.a. Ich habe erst zehn Seiten geschrieben.
Er ist erst sieben Jahre alt.
Ich habe erst die Hälfte fertig.
2.b. Er kommt erst (am) Montag.
Es ist erst acht Uhr.
Ich kam erst im Sommer nach Heidelberg.
erst wenn/als (= not until, only when)
Es hatte eben erst zu schneien aufgehört.
Ich kann den Wagen erst Anfang nächste Woche abholen.
2.c.
- Ich habe erst drei Briefe bekommen (i.e. more are expected)
Ich habe nur drei Briefe bekommen (i.e. three and no more).
4.b. Before a noun or list of nouns, “etwa” suggests a possibility (= for instance, for example):
4.a. Ich komme etwa um zwei.
Es kostet etwa dreißig Euro.
Er ist etwa so groß wie dein Vater.
Wir haben es uns etwa so vorgestellt.
4.b. Er begnügte sich mit etwa folgender Antwort (= He was satisfied with, for instance, the following answer).
Bist du sicher, dass du den Jürgen gesehen hast, und nicht etwa seinen Bruder Thomas?
Er hat viele Hobbys, (wie) etwa Reisen, Musik und Sport.
Willst du etwa (am) Sonntag kommen? (= You’re not thinking of coming on Sunday, are you?)
10.14. FREILICH
“freilich” usually has a concessive sense and its force is very similar to that of “allerdings”.
10.15. GAR
“gar” is used in a number of ways with an intensifying sense.
1.a. The commonest use of “gar” is to intensify a negative.
In this context, “gar” is an alternative to “überhaupt”.
1.2. “gar” can be used to emphasize the following word and indicate surprise.
In such contexts “gar” is the equivalent of English “even” or “possibly” and is a less frequent alternative to “sogar”, used mainly in literary registers:
1.a. Sie hatte gar nicht gewusst, ob er abfahren wollte.
Ich habe doch heute gar keine Zeit.
1.b. Eher würde ich einem Habicht oder gar Aasgeier eine Friedensbotschaft anvertrauen als der Taube (= I would rather entrust a message of peace to a hawk or even a vulture than to a dive).
10.16. GLEICH
As a modal particle “gleich” is used in w-questions to politely request the repetition of information. It is often used with “doch”.
Wie war ihr Name (doch) gleich?
Wast hast du gleich gesagt?
10.17. HALT
“halt” is an alternative to “eben” in some senses.
Da kann man halt nichts machen (There’s just nothing to be done).
Dann nimm halt die U-bahn! (Juste take the metro then!)
10.18. IMMERHIN
“immerhin” indicates that something might not have come up to expectations, but is acceptable at a pinch. It corresponds most often to English “all the same” or “even so” and can be used within a sentence or (very frequently) as a response:
Du hast immerhin tausend Euro gewonnen (all the same, you won a thousand euros)
Wir haben uns immerhin ein neues Videogerät anschaffen können (Even so, we were able to buy a new video recorder)
Das Wetter im Urlaub war miserabel, aber wir hatten ein schönes Zimmer. - (Na,) immerhin! (well that’s something at least)
1.b. “ja” has a distinct meaning from “doch” when used to appeal for agreement.
“doch” implies that the listener may hold a different opinion, but “ja” always presupposes that speaker and listener are agreed.
1.a. Wir haben ja gestern davon gesprochen. (we did talk about it).
Ihr habt ja früher zwei Autos gehabt. (Of course, you used to have two cars)
Ich komme ja schon (It’s all right, I’m on my way)
Der Katastrophale Zustand des Landes ist ja gerade das Erbe der Diktatur (Of course, the catastrophic state of the country is precisely the legacy of dictatorship).
1.b. Du könntest dir ja Karls’ Rad leihen (i.e. we both know you can)
Du könntest dir doch Karls Rad leihen (i.e. you might have thought you couldn’t).
Das ist es ja eben
Das ist es doch eben.
Er kann unmöglich kommen, er ist ja krank (i.e. as you know) / er ist doch krank (i.e. don’t you know)
10.20. JEDENFALLS
The phrase “auf jeden Fall”, and “auf alle Fälle” are possible alternatives to the particle “jedenfalls”.
10.21. LEDIGLICH
“lediglich” is used before another word to indicate a restriction or a limit. It is an emphatic alternative to “nur” in the sense “only”, “no more than”. It is used mainly in formal registers and can sound stilted.
Er hat lediglich zwei Semester in Münster studiert. (= he only studied two semesters in Münster)
Ich verlange lediglich mein Recht (= I am only asking for what’s due to me).
10.22. MAL
10.23. MAN
“man” is a colloquial north German equivalent to “mal” in commands and requests.
Geh du man vor! (You just go ahead)
Seien Sie man bloß ruhig! (Just keep calm).
10.24. NOCH
2.a. “noch” can indicate that something is going on longer than expected.
“noch” can be strengthened by “immer” and corresponds to English “still” or “yet”.
2.b. If a particular point in time is indicated, “noch” indicates that an event took place or will take place by then.
The implication may be that this is contrary to expectations.
2.a. Angela schläft (immer) noch (= Angela’s still asleep).
Franz ist (immer) noch nicht gekommen (= Franz hasn’t come yet)
Sie wohnen noch in Fritzlar.
Ich habe sie noch nie gesehen (= I’ve never seen her (yet)).
Sie ist doch noch jung (= She’s still young, isn’t she?)
2.b. Ich habe ihn noch vor zwei Tagen gesehen (= I saw him only two days ago).
Noch im Mai hat sie ihre Dissertation abgegeben (= She managed to hand her thesis in by the end of May).
Ich werde noch heute den Arzt anrufen (= I’ll ring the doctor before tomorrow).