List the classifications of feedback.
- Intrinsic Feedback
- Extrinsic/Augmented feedback
- Knowledge of Results
- Knowledge of Performance
What is extrinsic/augmented feedback/? Examples?
Info from measured performance outcome that is fed back to the learner by artificial means
-ex) video, coaching
What is intrinsic feedback? Example?
Info performer receives as a natural consequence of their actions
-ex) proprioception
Explain Knowledge of Results. Example?
More about the goal/outcome of the movement
-ex) seeing ball go in goal or wide left
Explain Knowledge of Performance.
More about nature of the movement
-ex) “You let go too soon.”
Is KR or KP more important for skilled learning? Why?
KP b/c this feedback tells about the movement, not just the outcome
What are the functions of feedback? Explain.
- To get efficient & optimal performance
- Motivational, energizing = give plenty, but not too much
- Reinforcing = Law of Effect (positive things happen to increase likelihood of behavior happening again)
- Informational = could be worthless if athlete knows this already (“You suck”)
- Dependency-producing = too much feedback
What is intermittent reinforcement?
- Has to do w/ schedule of feedback
- Not giving reinforcement after every trial
- Give it on an unknown pattern
What is a better alternative to dependency-producing feedback? Goal of this?
- Coach should start w/ a question –> “How did that go for you?”
- Goal = produce self-coached, knowledgable, self-aware athletes
What are the contents of feedback?
- What learner can control
- Motor program variables
What are the aspects of parameter feedback?
- W/in the same program
- Given once pattern is essentially correct & well-learned
- Parameters = duration, direction, amplitude
What are the different kinds of feedback info?
- Direction = early/late, high/low, left/right
- Magnitude = how much
- Precision = more useful @ higher skill level
What are the aspects of prescriptive feedback?
- Assess = watch, observe
- Identify = problem, correction, positive feedback
- Decide = how to address prob & help athlete
- Prescribe = actually doing it
What are some feedback aids?
- Strip-chart paper (EKG, richter scale)
- Film
- Video
- Computer readouts
- Simulators, virtual reality
What is Thorndike’s Law of Effect?
- Too much feedback to learners can cause overload, desensitization, not knowing what to process & when
- Punishment might decrease likelihood of a behavior occuring
What is absolute frequency of feedback scheduling?
Number of feedback given
What is relative frequency of feedback scheduling?
- Percentage of trials receiving feedback
- Decreased relative frequency enhances learning –> foresee self coaching
What is faded feedback? Who is this used on?
- Starting out w/ high relative frequency, then gradually reducing frequency over time
- Good for kids, beginners, learners you don’t know well
What is bandwidth feedback?
- Criteria for perfection
- Only giving feedback when w/in a certain band of perfection
What is summary feedback?
Withholding feedback for a certain # of trials then summarizing feedback
What is average feedback?
- Like summary feedback
- Numerical average about trials
What are feedback delays?
Time between movement and its feedback
Is learning affected by lengthy delays?
No
What is post feedback delay? When to increase or decrease this time? What happens if too minimized?
Time between feedback and when you attempt the movement again
- Minimize as much as possible
- Increase if movement is complex
- Too minimized –> person doesn’t have time to process feedback
