What were the 3 conditions in Triplett’s experiment? Which was the fastest
- Cyclist vs. Clock
- Team condition = 2 cyclists worked together for 1 to get fastest time
- Head to head competition = 2 cyclists raced for fastest time (FASTEST)
What did Zajonc have to say about the audience effect on performance?
- Presence of an audience increases arousal (drive) in performing subjects
- Based on Drive Theory
- Heightened arousal increases the likelihood that the performer will emit his or her dominant response
- Skill well learned = audience has (+) effect
- Skill not well learned = dominant response is a lot of errors
What did Cottrell have to say about evaluative apprehension?
- Drive is facilitated by the presence of those who can evaluate performance
- Who is in the audience (scouts, pros, etc.)
- Perception that others can judge your performance –> increase arousal (-)
What sport has the most home court advantage at the pro level?
Basketball
What sport has the least home court advantage at the pro level?
Baseball
What sport has the least home court advantage at the college level?
Basketball
How is home court advantage seen in the Olympics?
Home country wins more medals than they would in other countries
Explain Away Court Disadvantage.
Visitors play worse away from home
What did Varca have to say about home court advantage in relation to assertiveness?
- Home team = functionally assertive play (less fouls)
- Visiting team = dysfunctionally assertive play (more fouls)
What is BIRG? Examples for students?
Basking In Reflected Glory
- Students tend to wear school-related clothing more after a win than a loss
- Students respond to a win with “we” and a loss with “they”
What are the 3 properties of aggression defined?
- Infliction of an adverse stimulus upon a person
- An act committed w/ an intent to harm
- Perpetrated against an unwilling victim
Provoked vs. Unprovoked aggression.
- Provoked = somebody did something first
- Unprovoked = out of the blue
Direct vs. Indirect aggression.
- Direct = direct contact w/ someone resulting in harm
- Indirect = not doing something that still results in harming the individual
Verbal vs. Physical aggression.
- Verbal = non-contact, words
- Physical = contact
Adaptive vs. Maladaptive aggression.
- Adaptive = using normal part of the sport to hurt someone; adapting to the moment around you to make something happen
- Maladaptive = can be premeditated, can involve objects not usually used in the sport
Hostile vs. Instrumental aggression.
- Hostile = negative emotional component of hostility
- Instrumental = usefulness to aggressive act
How is assertion different than aggression?
- No intent to harm
- No legitimate force
- No unusual effort/energy
- Goal = to play with as much force, enthusiasm, and skill to be successful within the constitutive rules
What is proactive assertion?
Behavior is acceptable, yet forceful or active and within formal rules
Normative vs. Constitutive rules
- Normative = unwritten rules
- Constitutive = written rules
List the theories of aggression.
- Genetics
- Cathartic approaches
- Instinct theory
Explain the genetics theory of aggression.
- Genetically predisposed to commit aggressive acts
- XYY chromosome found more in incarcerated males
Define catharsis & explain the Cathartic approach theory of aggression.
- Catharsis = something (emotions) builds up, causing some sort of release
- Vicarious = people in the stands watching aggressive sports (football, MMA, boxing) get it out of their system
Explain the instinct theory of aggression.
Protect the home and family
Explain the Frustration-Aggression hypothesis.
Continue to frustrate someone, preventing them from pursuing a goal –> they will eventually act out against you
