1
Q
Define:
motion
A
A body’s change in position with time.
Examples include a cheetah hunting for prey, a fast-moving train and a person walking in the park.
2
Q
Identify:
The SI unit of distance.
A
meters
(m)
Distance is a scalar quantity and does not consider direction.
3
Q
Explain:
The difference between distance and displacement.
A
- Distance refers to the total path covered.
- Displacement is the shortest path taken considering direction.
Distance is scalar; displacement is a vector quantity.
4
Q
Define:
speed
A
The magnitude of the velocity of an object, expressed in units of meters per second (m/s) or length/time.
It is measured by the total distance covered by an object per unit time.
5
Q
Define:
velocity
A
The displacement traversed by an object per unit time, expressed in meters per second (m/s).
It is a vector quantity that includes direction.
6
Q
Explain:
How velocity differs from speed.
A
Velocity is speed with a specified direction.
Both have the same SI unit (m/s), but velocity is a vector quantity.
7
Q
Identify:
The SI unit of speed.
A
Meters per second
(m/s)
Speed is a scalar quantity that describes how fast an object is moving.
8
Q
Define:
acceleration
A
The change in velocity over time.
It is a vector quantity with an SI unit of m/s².
9
Q
Explain:
The difference between scalar quantity and vector quantity.
A
- Scalar quantities have only magnitude (for example, distance and speed)
- Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (for example, displacement, velocity and acceleration).
10
Q
List:
Four types of motion.
A
- Translational
- Rotational
- Oscillatory
- Irregular
11
Q
Describe:
translational motion
A
All parts of an object cover the same amount of distance at the same time.
Examples include a person walking or a moving car.
12
Q
Describe:
rotational motion
A
- It refers to an object’s motion along an axis.
- Different parts of the rotating object move at varying speeds based on their distance from the axis.
13
Q
Define:
Oscillatory or periodic motion
A
It is the repeated motion of objects at equal time intervals.
Examples include a pendulum, a swing or a vibrating tuning fork.
14
Q
Describe:
irregular or random motion
A
It occurs when there is no observed pattern in an object’s motion.
Examples include the motion of insects, birds and dust particles.
15
Q
Identify:
Newton’s first law of motion.
A
An object remains in its original state of motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
This law emphasizes the concept of inertia.
16
Q
Identify:
Newton’s second law of motion.
A
Acceleration is directly proportional to net force and inversely proportional to mass.
This relationship is expressed as Fnet = ma.
17
Q
Identify:
Newton’s third law of motion.
A
In every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.
For example, when pushing a table, the table pushes back with equal force.
18
Q
Describe:
A free-body diagram
A
A graphical illustration showing all the forces acting on a body.
It is useful for analyzing problems involving motion and forces.
19
Q
Identify:
The formula to calculate net force.
A
Fnet = ma
Where Fnet is the net force, m is mass and a is acceleration.
20
Q
Identify:
What is the branch of physics that involves the study of motion?
A
mechanics
21
Q
Define:
force
A
It is the push or pull resulting from an interaction between objects.
Forces are vector quantities, meaning they have both magnitude and direction.
22
Q
Identify:
The formula for calculating speed.
A
speed = distance / time
This formula calculates the average speed of an object.
23
Q
Identify:
The formula for calculating velocity.
A
velocity = displacement / time
This formula calculates the average velocity of an object.
24
Q
Explain:
The difference between displacement and distance.
A
- Displacement is the vector sum of the paths taken.
- Distance is the total length of the path traveled.
Displacement can be zero even if the distance is not.
25
# Explain:
If a person walks from point A to point B and back to A, what is the total **displacement**?
Zero meters
## Footnote
Displacement considers the initial and final positions, which are the same in this case.
26
# Explain:
If a person walks 5 meters to point B and then 5 meters back to point A, what is the **total distance** covered?
10 meters
## Footnote
Distance is the total length of the path traveled, regardless of direction.
27
# Explain:
What is the **average speed** if a person travels 14 km in 4 hours?
3.5 km/h
## Footnote
This speed calculation does not consider direction.
28
# Explain:
What is the **average velocity** if a person has a total displacement of 12 km west in 3 hours?
4 km/h west
## Footnote
This velocity calculation retains direction in the result.
29
# Define:
acceleration
It describes the **change in velocity over time** and is a **vector quantity** with both magnitude and direction.
## Footnote
Acceleration can be understood as the **rate of change of velocity**.
30
# Identify:
The formula for **Newton's Second Law of motion**
F = m * a
## Footnote
Where:
*F* is **force**
*m* is **mass**
*a* is **acceleration**
This law explains how forces acting on an object cause **acceleration**.
31
# Explain:
What does **negative acceleration** indicate?
That an **object is slowing down**.
## Footnote
It refers to a **decrease in the magnitude of velocity**.
32
# Identify:
The formula for calculating **average acceleration**
a_avg = (vf - vi) / (tf - ti) = Δv / Δt
## Footnote
This formula represents the **change in velocity over the change in time**.
33
# Identify:
The components of **acceleration** in **circular motion**
It can have both **tangential** and **centripetal** components.
## Footnote
Tangential acceleration relates to changes in speed, while centripetal acceleration relates to changes in direction.
34
# Define:
acceleration
Rate of change of velocity over time.
## Footnote
This definition highlights the relationship between acceleration and motion.
35
# Explain:
How does **acceleration** affect **velocity**?
It causes changes in a velocity vector's **magnitude** or **direction**.
## Footnote
This can include speeding up, slowing down or changing direction.
36
# Define:
gravity
An invisible force that pulls objects towards itself.
## Footnote
It prevents objects on Earth from being flung into space.
It is a **force of attraction between two objects**, first defined by Sir **Isaac Newton**.
37
# Identify:
The person credited with the first definition of **gravity**.
Sir Isaac Newton
## Footnote
Newton's observations began with the falling of an apple from a tree.
38
# Explain:
What did **Galileo Galilei** discover about falling objects?
All objects, regardless of mass, accelerate towards the Earth at the same rate.
## Footnote
He demonstrated this by dropping weights from the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
39
# Identify:
The **acceleration** due to **gravity** on Earth.
9.81 meters per second squared
| (**9.81 m/s²**)
## Footnote
This rate is **consistent for all objects** falling towards Earth.
40
# Identify:
The shape scientists observed for the **orbits of planets**.
Elliptical
## Footnote
This understanding was facilitated by **Newton's discovery of gravity**.
41
# Identify:
The misconception about **falling objects** before Galileo's discovery.
That objects with greater mass fall at a faster rate.
## Footnote
This idea was largely attributed to Aristotle.
42
# Explain:
How does **distance** affect **gravitational attraction** between objects?
Closer objects exert a stronger gravitational pull.
## Footnote
Gravity weakens as objects get further apart.
43
# Define:
weight
The non-contact force of Earth's gravitational pull on an object.
44
# Identify:
The equation used to calculate **weight**.
W = m * g
## Footnote
**Weight** is quantified by multiplying its **mass** by the **gravitational acceleration force**.
45
# Identify:
The standard metric unit for **weight**.
Newtons
| (N)
46
# Explain:
How does the **weight** of an object on the moon compare to its weight on Earth?
The weight on the moon is 1/6 of its weight on Earth.
47
# Identify:
The **difference** between *mass* and *weight*.
* **Mass** is the amount of matter in an object.
* **Weight** is the gravitational force exerted on an object.
48
# Define:
mass
It is a **scalar quantity** that measures the **amount of matter**.
49
# Explain:
What happens to the **mass of an object** as it moves to different locations?
It **remains constant** no matter the location.
50
# Identify:
The 3 most commonly used units to measure **mass**.
1. Kilograms (kg)
1. Grams (g)
1. Pounds (lbs)
51
# Identify:
The formula to find the **mass** of an object given its **volume** and **density**.
m = d * V
52
# Explain:
How do you convert **mass to weight**?
Multiply the **mass** by the **gravitational force**: W = m * g
53
# List:
The characteristics of **mass**.
* Scalar quantity (magnitude only)
* Constant, does not change with location
* Cannot be zero
* Measured in Kilograms (kg), grams (g) and pounds (lbs)
54
# List:
The characteristics of **weight**.
* Vector quantity (magnitude and direction)
* Changes with location due to gravitational fluctuations
* Can be zero in space (no gravity)
* Measured in Newtons (N)
55
# Define:
static electricity
The build up of a **temporary electric charge** in an object. It is produced by **pressure**, **heat**, **induction** and the **triboelectric effect**.
## Footnote
Static electricity is stationary and is discharged when the charge moves.
56
# Identify:
The difference between **static electricity** and **current electricity**.
Static electricity is stationary, while current electricity is moving.
## Footnote
Static electricity is a temporary charge, whereas current electricity flows continuously.
57
# Identify:
The 3 basic **subatomic particles** that make up atoms.
1. Protons
1. Neutrons
1. Electrons
## Footnote
Protons carry a positive charge, neutrons are neutral and electrons carry a negative charge.
58
# Explain:
What happens when an **atom** gains **electrons**?
It becomes negatively charged.
## Footnote
Conversely, losing electrons causes the atom to become positively charged.
59
# Identify:
A common example of **static electricity**.
lightning
## Footnote
Lightning is thought to result from the **triboelectric effect** within thunderstorm clouds.
60
# Describe:
A Van de Graaff generator
It is a device that creates a static electric charge.
## Footnote
It uses a belt and rollers to induce charge through the triboelectric effect.
61
# List:
3 uses of **static electricity**.
1. Ink jet printers
1. Car paint
1. Pollution particulate collection
62
# List:
3 methods that can help remove **unwanted static electricity**.
1. Humidification
1. Conducive bags
1. Fabric softener
63
# Define:
magnetism
A phenomena created by the **movement of charged particles**.
## Footnote
Magnetism involves protons and electrons, where moving electrons create an electric current and a magnetic field.
64
# List:
3 main types of **magnets**.
1. Permanent magnets
1. Temporary magnets
1. Electromagnets
## Footnote
Each type has unique properties and ways of being created.
65
# Explain:
What causes **magnetism**?
Alignment of charged particles within a material, creating a net external charge.
## Footnote
Charge alignment can result from **physical separation** or **electron orientation**.
66
# Define:
The poles of a magnet
The **oppositely charged sides** created by the physical separation of charges.
## Footnote
The negative side is called the south pole, and the positive side is called the north pole.
Oppositely charged magnetic poles **attract**, while like-charged magnetic poles **repel**.
67
# Define:
magnetic dipole
A magnetic object with one side having a **net negative charge** and the other **a net positive charge**.
## Footnote
All magnets are dipoles and cutting a dipole creates two new dipoles.
68
# Define:
magnetic monopole
An object that has only a **single charge**, such as an electron or proton.
## Footnote
No one has been able to separate the poles of a magnetic dipole.
69
# List:
Some examples of **magnetism** in daily life.
* Compass needle
* MRI machines
* Magnetic cabinet latches
* Electronic storage devices
## Footnote
An MRI is a large magnet that temporarily realigns the dipole water molecules in a person placed within it.
70
# Explain:
The importance of **magnetism**.
It is responsible for much of today's **technology** due to its relationship with moving charged particles and electric fields.
## Footnote
Understanding magnetism is crucial for advancements in various technological fields.
71
# Define:
light
It is a form of electromagnetic (em) radiation.
## Footnote
Electromagnetic radiation is categorized using the **electromagnetic spectrum**.
72
# Identify:
The frequency range of **visible light**.
400 THz to 700 THz
73
# Define:
Terahertz
| (THz)
A **unit of frequency** equal to one trillion hertz.
## Footnote
A hertz is the number of oscillations or cycles that occur in one second.
74
# Identify:
How does **light** travel?
As a wave.
75
# Identify:
The equation relating speed of light, wavelength and frequency.
c = λf
## Footnote
where:
*c* = speed of light
*λ* = wavelength in meters
*f* = frequency in Hertz
76
# List:
The **seven pure spectral colors** in order from lowest frequency to highest in the **visible spectrum**.
* Red
* Orange
* Yellow
* Green
* Blue
* Indigo
* Violet
## Footnote
Just outside of the visible range on the red end is the **infrared range**. Just outside on the violet end is the **ultraviolet range**.
77
# Identify:
The **highest frequency** of light in the visible spectrum.
**Violet** light. It goes as high as **750 THz**.
78
# Fill in the blank:
**White light** is a combination of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
all colors of the spectrum
## Footnote
White light can be split up to form a spectrum using a **prism**.
79
# Explain:
How do human eyes perceive **color**?
By detecting **light** in the visible range. Each **frequency** corresponds to a particular color.
80
# Identify:
Some factors that influence the naming of **colors**.
* Personal experiences
* Languages
* Cultures
81
# Identify:
The instrument capable of measuring the **frequency of light**.
A photometer.
## Footnote
The frequency of light is part of a formula that includes the light's wavelength and its speed: **f = c/w**.
82
# Define:
sound
**Energy** that travels as a **vibration** through molecules of matter (usually air).
## Footnote
Energy transfer through vibration can be shown by a periodic **wave** with defined properties.
83
# Define:
**Compressions** and **rarefactions** in sound waves
When energy travels as a vibration, molecules vibrate back and forth. **Compressions** occur when molecules are close together; **rarefactions** when molecules are far apart.
## Footnote
These can be represented by a **sine wave**.
84
# List:
The properties of **sound waves**.
* Wave direction
* Wavelength
* Frequency
* Wave speed
* Amplitude
* Timbre
85
# Explain:
wave direction
Sound waves propagate **outwards in all directions** from the source.
## Footnote
The direction can be changed through reflection, like an echo.
86
# Define:
wavelength
The measurable distance between two **waves**.
## Footnote
Wavelength is a key property of sound waves.
87
# Define:
frequency
| in the context of sound
The **number of waves** that pass by a certain point over a certain amount of time.
## Footnote
Higher frequency corresponds to shorter wavelengths.
88
# Define:
wave speed
| in sound
It is determined by how quickly **energy** is passed from molecule to molecule.
## Footnote
Sound travels at different speeds through different materials.
89
# Define:
amplitude
The **height of a sound wave** measured from the rest position to the crest of the wave.
## Footnote
Taller waves correspond to louder sounds.
90
# Define:
timbre
The perceived musical sound **quality** of a note.
## Footnote
Timbre differentiates music from noise.
91
# Describe:
How do humans perceive **sound**?
Energy from the sound wave **vibrates the eardrum** and the brain processes it.
## Footnote
The perception is influenced by **amplitude**, **wavelength**, **frequency**, **direction** and **timbre**.
92
# Explain:
The relationship between **amplitude** and **sound**.
Amplitude is directly related to the **energy** the sound wave carries. Higher amplitude means a louder sound.
## Footnote
Amplitude decreases over time.
93
# Identify:
The **SI unit** used to measure **amplitude**.
Decibels
| (dB)
## Footnote
Humans can hear sounds between 0 and 140 dB.
94
# Explain:
The relationship between **frequency** and **sound**.
**Frequency** is directly related to the **wavelength** of the sound; shorter wavelengths mean higher frequency.
## Footnote
Frequency determines the pitch of a sound.
95
# Explain:
The significance of a **higher hertz measurement**.
A higher hertz measurement indicates a faster traveling sound that is perceived as a higher-pitched sound.
## Footnote
For example, dog whistles can produce sounds up to 35,000 Hz.
96
# Identify:
The **unit** used for measuring **frequency**.
Hertz
| (Hz)
## Footnote
1 Hz equals one wave per second.
97
# Identify:
What are the human hearing limits in terms of **frequency**?
Humans can hear sounds **between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz**.
## Footnote
Other animals may have different hearing ranges.
98
# Describe:
The Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass can neither be created nor destroyed.
## Footnote
Also called the **law of conservation of matter**.
99
# Identify:
Who is credited with the modern formulation of the **Law of Conservation of Mass**?
Antoine Lavoisier
## Footnote
His work in the late **18th century** was pivotal in establishing this law.
100
# Explain:
The relationship between the **law of conservation of matter** and **chemical reactions**.
Atoms are not created or destroyed; they are rearranged.
## Footnote
Mass before and after a reaction remains equal.
101
# Identify:
Processes that are **exceptions** to the **law of conservation of matter**.
**Nuclear processes**, including fusion, fission and matter-antimatter reactions.
## Footnote
In these cases, mass can be converted into energy.
102
# List:
Some examples that illustrate the **law of conservation of matter**.
* Burning of wood
* Rainfall
* Burning of gasoline
* Rusting metal
103
# Define:
energy
The ability to do **work**.
## Footnote
In this context, **work** is better understood as **movement**.
104
# List:
The two main categories of **energy**.
* Kinetic energy
* Potential energy
105
# Define:
kinetic energy
The energy of **movement** or **motion**.
106
# Define:
potential energy
Energy that is **stored** and has the **potential to move**.
107
# Identify:
Examples of **kinetic energy**.
* A ball rolling down a hill
* Dogs running
* Cars driving
* Soup being stirred in a pot
* A kite flying in the wind
* Airplanes flying
* Water rushing down a waterfall
108
# Identify:
Examples of **potential energy**.
* A ball at the top of a swing
* A car stopped at the top of a hill
* Dishes in the cupboard
* Clothes in the dresser
* Dirt on the ground
* A bow pulled taut before firing an arrow
* A rock at the edge of a cliff
* Books on a shelf
* A container of flour in the pantry
* Clothes in your dresser
109
# Explain:
The main difference between **kinetic** and **potential energy**.
* Kinetic energy involves **motion**.
* Potential energy is **stored** and **not moving**.
110
Can **kinetic energy** be converted to **potential energy**?
Yes, when a moving object reaches a **height** and **stops**.
111
# Define:
conductor
Material that **transfers heat well**.
## Footnote
Examples include metals like those used in pots and pans.
112
# Define:
insulator
Material that does not **transfer heat well**.
## Footnote
Examples include air, wood, and glass.
113
# Define:
conduction
Heat transfer through direct contact.
## Footnote
It occurs when hot particles vibrate and transfer energy to neighboring particles.
114
# Explain:
How does **convection** transfer heat?
Through the **movement of fluids** (liquids and gases).
## Footnote
It often starts with **conduction** and continues as the fluid moves.
115
# Define:
radiation
Heat transfer through **electromagnetic waves**.
## Footnote
It can occur without a medium, such as the sun warming the Earth.
116
# Explain:
What does black surface do with **radiant energy**?
It **absorbs** and **emits** energy easily.
## Footnote
This is why blacktop gets hot in the sun.
117
# Explain:
What happens to water during **convection heating**?
Hot water **becomes less dense** and rises.
## Footnote
Colder, denser water sinks to take its place, creating a cycle.
118
# List:
The three methods of **heat transfer**.
* Conduction
* Convection
* Radiation
## Footnote
Each method has distinct mechanisms for transferring heat.
119
# List:
The four states of **matter**.
* Solid
* Liquid
* Gas
* Plasma
## Footnote
Each state has distinct properties related to **shape** and **volume**.
120
# List:
Some common characteristics of **solids**.
* Definite shape and volume
* Immobile molecules
* Stillness
* Maintain their own shape
121
# Identify:
An example of a **solid** state of matter.
Ice
## Footnote
Other examples include bricks and gold.
122
# List:
Some common characteristics of **liquids**.
* Moderate energy
* Mobile atoms/molecule
* Movement (fluid)
* Moderate density
* Definite volume
* Indefinite shape (assume shape of container)
123
# Identify:
An example of a **liquid** state of matter.
water
## Footnote
Mercury is another example.
124
# Identify:
Some common characteristics of **gases**.
* Lowest density among three main states
* Quickly moving molecules
* High internal energy level
* Indefinite volume and shape
* Fluid
125
# Mention:
An example of a **gas** state of matter.
Helium
## Footnote
Air and hydrogen are also examples.
126
# Define:
plasma
A **gas-like state of matter** with high energy and free-floating electrons.
## Footnote
It is the most common state of matter in the universe.
127
# Identify:
An example of **plasma**.
The Sun
## Footnote
Lightning is also a natural example.
128
# Identify:
**Phase transitions** between the three states of matter.
Solid to liquid (**melting**), liquid to gas (**evaporation**), gas to liquid (**condensation**), liquid to solid (**freezing**), solid to gas (**sublimation**) and gas to solid (**deposition**).
129
# Define:
recombination
Process by which **plasma changes to gas**.
| Also called **deionization**.
## Footnote
This process is less commonly observed in daily life.
130
# Define:
ionization
Process by which **gas changes to plasma**.
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
1 - Analyzing and Understanding Literature94
-
2 - Literary Methods and Their Effects75
-
3 - Reading and Communication Skills115
-
4 - Number Sense and Basic Algebra95
-
5 - Geometry and Measurement Concepts118
-
6 - Data Analysis and Probability Skills74
-
7 - Historical Continuity and Geographic Regions103
-
8 - Socio-Historical Shifts: Effects of World-Changing Conflicts97
-
9 - Human Interaction with Nature, Resources, and the Earth's Physical Aspects78
-
10 - Civics, Government, and Economic Choices124
-
11 - Nature and History of Science110
-
12 - Physics130
-
13 - Chemistry and Biology152
-
14 - Ecology and Earth Science116
-
15 - Astronomy and Atmospheric Science70
-
16 - Science, Technology, and Social Perspectives89
