1
Q
what is the most common cause of calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate kidney stones?
A
idiopathic hypercalciuria
2
Q
what is the treatment for calcium oxalate and/or calcium phosphate kidney stones?
A
hydrochlorothiazide diuretics
3
Q
what is the most common cause of ammonium magnesium phosphate stones?
A
urease positive organisms (proteus, kleb)
4
Q
_____________ (acidic / alkaline) urine leads to stone formation in ammonium magnesium phosphate stones
A
alkaline
5
Q
uric acid stones are _____________ (radiolucent / radioopaque)
A
radiolucent
6
Q
what are the risk factors for uric acid stones?
A
- hot, arid climates
- low urine volume
- acidic pH
7
Q
what is the treatment for uric acid stones?
A
- hydration
- alkalinization of urine (KHCO3)
- allopurinol
Pathoma
flashcards
Decks in class (120)
# Cards
-
1.1 - Growth adaptations8
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1.2 - Cellular injury6
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1.3 - Cell death14
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1.4 - Free radical injury5
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1.5 - Amyloidosis14
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2.1 - Acute inflammation47
-
2.2 - Chronic inflammation16
-
2.3 - Primary immunodeficiency21
-
2.4 - Autoimmune disorders37
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2.5 - Wound healing8
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3.1 - Neoplasia8
-
3.2 - Carcinogenesis28
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3.3 - Tumor progression3
-
3.4 - Clinical characteristics7
-
4.1 - Primary hemostasis and related bleeding disorders29
-
4.2 - Secondary hemostasis and related disorders11
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4.3 - Other disorders of hemostasis8
-
4.4 - Thrombosis11
-
4.5 - Embolism2
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5.1 - Anemia1
-
5.2 - Microcytic anemia43
-
5.3 - Macrocytic anemia6
-
5.4 - Normocytic anemia6
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5.5 - Normocytic anemias with extravascular hemolysis15
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5.6 - Normocytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis26
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5.7 - Anemia due to underproduction3
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6.1 - Leukopenia and leukocytosis4
-
6.2 - Acute leukemia14
-
6.3 - Chronic leukemia18
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6.4 - Myeloproliferative disorders16
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6.5 - Lymphadenopathy3
-
6.6 - Lymphoma27
-
6.7 - Hodgkin lymphoma9
-
6.8 - Plasma cell disorders (dyscrasias)12
-
6.9 - Langerhans cell histiocytosis7
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7.1 - Vasculitis27
-
7.2 - Hypertension2
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7.3 - Arteriosclerosis12
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7.4 - Aortic dissection and aneurysm6
-
7.5 - Vascular tumors4
-
8.1 - Ischemic heart disease25
-
8.2 - Congestive heart failure2
-
8.3 - Congenital defects25
-
8.4 - Valvular disorders23
-
8.5 - Endocarditis14
-
8.6 - Cardiomyopathy11
-
8.7 - Cardiac tumors7
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9.1 - Nasopharynx6
-
9.2 - Larynx5
-
9.3 - Pulmonary infections16
-
9.4 - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease12
-
9.5 - Restrictive diseases8
-
9.6 - Pulmonary hypertension5
-
9.7 - Respiratory distress syndrome10
-
9.8 - Lung cancer17
-
9.9 - Pleura3
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10.1 - Oral cavity7
-
10.2 - Salivary gland6
-
10.3 - Esophagus16
-
10.4 - Stomach35
-
10.5 - Small bowel40
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10.6 - Appendix1
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10.7 - Inflammatory bowel disease14
-
10.8 - Colon46
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11.1 - Exocrine pancreas12
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11.2 - Gall bladder and biliary tract13
-
11.3 - Liver64
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12.1 - Congenital kidney and urinary tract pathology13
-
12.2 - Acute renal failure21
-
12.3 - Nephrotic syndrome28
-
12.4 - Nephritic syndrome26
-
12.5 - Urinary tract infection12
-
12.6 - Nephrolithiasis7
-
12.7 - Chronic renal failure1
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12.8 - Renal neoplasia21
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12.9 - Lower urinary tract carcinoma11
-
13.1 - Vulva17
-
13.2 - Vagina5
-
13.3 - Cervix6
-
13.4 - Endometrium and myometrium11
-
13.5 - Ovary5
-
13.6 - Ovarian tumors20
-
13.7 - Gestational pathology13
-
14.1 - Penis12
-
14.2 - Testicle10
-
14.3 - Testicular tumors23
-
14.4 - Prostate20
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15.1 - Anterior pituitary gland5
-
15.2 - Posterior pituitary gland9
-
15.3 - Thyroid gland1
-
15.4 - Hyperthyroidism9
-
15.5 - Hypothyroidism4
-
15.6 - Thyroiditis9
-
15.7 - Thyroid neoplasia9
-
15.8 - Parathyroid gland7
-
15.9 - Endocrine pancreas8
-
15.10 - Adrenal cortex15
-
15.11 - Adrenal medulla1
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16.1 - Inflammatory conditions of the breast12
-
16.2 - Benign tumors and fibrocystic changes of the breast12
-
16.3 - Breast cancer20
-
17.1 - Developmental anomalies of the CNS7
-
17.2 - Spinal cord lesions12
-
17.3 - Meningitis5
-
17.4 - Cerebrovascular disease21
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17.5 - Trauma to the CNS7
-
17.6 - Demyelinating disorders15
-
17.7 - Dementia and degenerative disorders9
-
17.8 - CNS tumors19
-
18.1 - Skeletal system32
-
18.2 - Bone tumors32
-
18.3 - Joints25
-
18.4 - Skeletal muscle15
-
18.5 - Neuromuscular junction4
-
18.6 - Soft tissue tumors4
-
19.1 - Inflammatory dermatoses10
-
19.2 - Blistering dermatoses15
-
19.3 - Epithelial tumors10
-
19.4 - Disorders of pigmentation and melanocytes10
-
19.5 - Infectious disorders6
